Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil and gas pipeline steels

Zhao, Ming-Chun; Tang, Bei; Shan, Yiyin; Yang, Ke

doi:10.1007/s11661-003-0128-7

Cited by 51 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…AF dominant microstructures have a greater potential to improve the strength [5], toughness [5,6], H 2 S resistance [7] and fatigue behaviour [8] compared to a ferrite-pearlite microstructure through grain refinement, increased dislocation density and easily controlled precipitation [1]. Furthermore, the toughness associated with an AF microstructure is considerably higher than that of BF, due to a higher density of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), which are capable of arresting cracks or deflecting their propagation directions [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions for the occurrence of acicular ferrite transformation in HSLA steels

2017

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For the class of steels collectively known as high strength low alloy (HSLA), an acicular ferrite (AF) microstructure produces an excellent combination of strength and toughness. The conditions for the occurrence of the AF transformation are, however, still unclear, especially the effects of austenite deformation and continuous cooling. In this research, a commercial HSLA steel was used and subjected to deformation via plane strain compression with strains ranging from 0 to 0.5 and continuous cooling at rates between 5 and 50°C s -1 . Based on the results obtained from optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction mapping, the introduction of intragranular nucleation sites and the suppression of bainitic ferrite (BF) laths lengthening were identified as the two key requirements for the occurrence of AF transformation. Austenite deformation is critical to meet these two conditions as it introduces a high density of dislocations that act as intragranular nucleation sites and deformation substructures, which suppress the lengthening of BF laths through the mechanism of mechanical stabilisation of austenite. However, the suppression effect of austenite deformation is only observed under relatively slow cooling rates or high transformation temperatures, i.e., conditions where the driving force for advancing the transformation interface is not sufficient to overcome the austenite deformation substructures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions for the occurrence of acicular ferrite transformation in HSLA steels

2017

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“…Carbon steels (C-steel) are commonly used as a material for the transportation pipelines because of their economic advantages and their ability to withstand operating pressure [1,2]. However, the steel surfaces of pipelines are constantly exposed to corrosive environments during the transportation of the petroleum and its products; hence, the integrity of the pipeline system is always found to be affected [3][4][5]. The sulfur content in the petroleum and its products have been shown to be instrumental in the internal corrosion of C-steel pipelines [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been reported that, when the stress limit of the formed sulfide layer exceeds, micro-cracks within the formed layers have formed, allowing a more rapid penetration of sulfide and chloride species into the deposit, resulting in an increase in the corrosion rate [15]. The properties and the composition of the steel play critical roles in the formation, nature and stability of the sulfide layer and consequently its corrosion prevention behavior [3]. A recent study [16] has shown that the chemical composition and microstructure of C-steel significantly influence its resistance to corrosion in wet H 2 S environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Okonkwo

Shakoor

Benamor

et al. 2017

Metals

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Abstract:Recently, the API X100 steel has emerged as an important pipeline material for transportation of crude oil and natural gas. At the same time, the presence of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in natural gas and crude oil cause pipeline materials to corrode, which affects their integrity. In this study, the effect of H 2 S concentration on the corrosion behavior of API X100 in 3.5% NaCl solution is presented. The H 2 S gas was bubbled into saline solutions for different durations, and the corrosion tests were then performed using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the corroded surface. The results indicate that the corrosion rate of API X100 steel decreases with increasing H 2 S bubbling time due to the increase in H 2 S concentration in 3.5% NaCl solutions. It is noticed that an accumulation of a critical amount of hydrogen in the metal can result in hydrogen-induced crack initiation and propagation. It was further observed that, when the stress limit of a crystalline layer is exceeded, micro-cracking of the formed protective sulfide layer (mackinawite) occurs on the API X100 steel surface, which may affect the reliability of the pipeline system.

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“…Since diffusible hydrogen is necessary for HICC, a large number of studies have been conducted with the aim of increasing the density of hydrogen traps in the steel microstructure to trap diffusible hydrogen and reduce the likelihood of HICC [2][3][4][5]. Trapping sites can be considered to be either reversible (weak) or irreversible (strong) [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

Saleh

Hejazi

Gazder

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Pereloma, E. V. (2016). Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (28), 12424-12435. Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters AbstractHydrogen-induced cold cracking and blistering in hydrogen-charged X70 steel was found to be highly dependent on microstructure, with the banded ferrite-pearlite microstructure of hot rolled strip showing a higher susceptibility than other microstructures produced by different thermal-mechanical routes. Although crack initiation was particularly sensitive to microstructure, crack growth occurred largely parallel to the rolling plane, at least at a macroscopic level, for all of the microstructures investigated. The crack plane was associated with structural anisotropy arising from processing by rolling and was not found to be related to a preferred grain orientation. At a microstructural level, crack propagation was mostly transgranular and occurred dominantly along slip planes of the ferrite grains. Cracks were initiated at strong traps in the microstructure when the hydrogen and local stress concentrations reached critical levels for hydrogeninduced fracture. The main initiation sites were coarse inclusions, mainly oxides, and ferrite-pearlite interfaces. Keywords: X70 pipeline steel, electrolytic hydrogen charging, hydrogen-induced cold cracking (HICC), effect of microstructure, crystallography of cracking, effect of grain texture.

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Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil and gas pipeline steels

Cited by 51 publications

References 21 publications

Conditions for the occurrence of acicular ferrite transformation in HSLA steels

Conditions for the occurrence of acicular ferrite transformation in HSLA steels

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

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