Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in retinoblastoma progression

Abstract

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare aggressive intraocular malignancy of childhood that has the potential to affect vision, and can even be fatal in some children. While the tumor can be controlled efficiently at early stages, metastatic tumors lead to high mortality. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are implicated in a number of physiological cellular process, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion, The deregulation of ncRNAs is correlated with several diseases, particularly cancer. ncRNAs are categorized into two main groups based on their length, i.e. short and long ncRNAs. Moreover, ncRNA deregulation has been demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis and development of RB. Several ncRNAs, such as miR-491-3p, miR-613,and SUSD2 have been found to act as tumor suppressor genes in RB, but other ncRNAs, such as circ-E2F3, NEAT1, and TUG1 act as tumor promoter genes. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs can provide new opportunities for RB therapy. In the present review, we discuss the functional roles of the most important ncRNAs in RB, their interaction with the genes responsible for RB initiation and progression, and possible future clinical applications as diagnostic and prognostic tools or as therapeutic targets.

Exploring lncRNA Expression Patterns in Patients With Hypertrophied Ligamentum Flavum

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that influence gene expression at various levels, including transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic modulation [ 8 ]. The role of lncRNAs has been identified in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis [ 9 , 10 ]. LncRNAs have also been associated with musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis [ 11 ], intervertebral disc degeneration [ 12 ], and Ossification of the ligamentum flavum [ 13 ].…”

Exosomal LncRNAs and CircRNAs in lung cancer: Emerging regulators and potential therapeutic targets

“…Depending on the cellular source, exosome biogenesis, cargo sorting and release occur through ESCRT-dependent or independent pathway. It selectively sorts nucleic acids, including DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs, tRNAs, lncRNAs, and viral RNA [ 39 , 40 ]. The number and type of nucleic acids in exosomes are the result of cells selective sorting.…”

microRNA-184 in the landscape of human malignancies: a review to roles and clinical significance

“…The tumor-suppressing role of miR-184 is also documented in human central nervous system lymphoma (HCNSL) cells by inhibiting the cell survival and invasion of HCNSL cells via regulating the PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway [159]. Although an increasing number of ncRNAs are studied in retinoblastoma [160], miR-184 is documented in a single study with a tumor suppressing function, enhancing chemosensitivity through targeting SLC7A5 [161].…”