Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths

Wallace, Ryan M.; Cliquet, Florence; Fehlner-Gardiner, Christine; Fooks, Anthony R.; Sabeta, Claude; Aguilar-Setién, Álvaro; Tu, Changchun; Vuta, Vlad; Yakobson, B.; Yang, Dong-Kun; Brückner, Gideon; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Knopf, Lea; Metlin, Artem; Pozzetti, P. S.; Suseno, Pebi Purwo; Shadomy, Sean V.; Torres, Gregorio; Vigilato, Marco Antonio Natal; Abela-Ridder, Bernadette; Müller, Thomas

doi:10.3201/eid2612.201266

Cited by 46 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This study demonstrates that a high percentage of both bait acceptance and vaccination coverage can be achieved in free-roaming dogs using the oral bait handout and retrieve method. As the free-roaming dog population plays a key role in the transmission of rabies among dogs [ 4 ], it is essential to target these animals during vaccination campaigns. Most free-roaming dogs cannot be easily handled and restrained for parenteral vaccination, limiting the ability of MDV-campaigns to achieve vaccination coverages required to eliminate the rabies virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral vaccination of wildlife has been successfully used to control rabies in different wildlife species around the world and it has also been suggested for dogs that are inaccessible for parenteral vaccination [ 4 ]. We studied the feasibility and field effectiveness of the use of oral rabies vaccine targeting free-roaming dogs as a complementary tool to control rabies in Thailand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Chanachai

Wongphruksasoong²,

Vos³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Chanachai

Wongphruksasoong²,

Vos³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…This is the first study assessing the immune response of the 3rd-generation oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in local, free-roaming dogs under Southern African conditions. In settings where traditional parenteral methods have failed to reach adequate vaccination coverages against rabies, oral rabies vaccines can be very helpful in reaching adequate herd immunity (15), particularly in free-roaming dogs, which are considered to play a key role in the transmission of rabies (16,22,23). In great parts of Africa, actually, most free-roaming dogs are owned and are deemed accessible for parenteral vaccination at MDV campaigns (37)(38)(39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To increase vaccination coverage in these hard-to-reach dogs, the concept of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs as a complementary tool to mass parenteral dog vaccination has been proposed (14). Unfortunately, it is still the most underused of all tools in the fight against dog-mediated rabies (15), however, the concept has gained reviving interest in recent years (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In fact, by targeting free-roaming and partly inaccessible dogs, ORV does not only increase the vaccination coverage of the overall dog population (16,21) but also reaches those animals that are considered to play a key role in the transmission of rabies (16,22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of the Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Dogs Under Field Settings in Namibia

Molini

Hassel

Ortmann³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Dog-mediated rabies is endemic throughout Africa. While free-roaming dogs that play a crucial role in rabies transmission are often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination during mass dog vaccination campaigns, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered to be a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these hard-to-reach dogs. The acceptance of ORV as an efficient supplementary tool is still low, not least because of limited immunogenicity and field trial data in local dogs. In this study, the immunogenicity of the highly attenuated 3rd-generation oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in local free-roaming dogs from Namibia was assessed by determining the immune response in terms of seroconversion for up to 56 days post-vaccination. At two study sites, free-roaming dogs were vaccinated by administering the vaccine either by direct oral administration or via a vaccine-loaded egg bait. Pre- and post-vaccination blood samples were tested for rabies virus neutralizing as well as binding antibodies using standard serological assays. A multiple logistic regression (MLR) analysis was performed to determine a possible influence of study area, vaccination method, and vaccine dose on the seroconversion rate obtained. About 78% of the dogs vaccinated by the oral route seroconverted (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), though the seroconversion as determined by a rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was much lower. None of the factors examined had a significant effect on the seroconversion rate. This study confirms the immunogenicity of the vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS and the potential utility of ORV for the control of dog-mediated rabies in African dogs.

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“…Oral rabies vaccination has been shown to be a powerful tool to control and ultimately eliminate rabies from targeted reservoir species in different settings around the world [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. It is suggested that ORV can contribute significantly to the elimination of dog-mediated rabies in areas with a high number of animals inaccessible for parenteral vaccination [ 36 ]. One of the pre-requisites for ORV is a suitable bait.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs

Langguth

Leelahapongsathon

Wannapong

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies has the potential to achieve mass coverage and thus deplete the virus of its most important reservoir host species. There is, however, no established non-invasive method to evaluate vaccine release in the oral cavity, following bait ingestion. In this study, two pre-selected marker methods in conjunction with their acceptance were assessed in local Thai dogs. Shelter dogs (n = 47) were offered one of four randomized bait formulations; bait type A-, containing Green S (E142) in a fructose solution; type B-, containing Patent Blue V (E131) in a fructose solution; type C-, containing the medium used for delivery of oral rabies vaccine in baits commercially produced; and type D-, containing denatonium benzoate, which was to serve as the negative control, due to its perceived bitterness. Patent Blue V was found to possess overall stronger dyeing capacities compared to Green S. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the acceptance or bait handling of Patent Blue V baits compared to those containing the oral rabies vaccine medium alone, suggesting the potential use of this dye as a surrogate for rabies vaccine when testing newly developed bait formats.

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Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths

Cited by 46 publications

References 54 publications

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Immunogenicity of the Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Dogs Under Field Settings in Namibia

Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs

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