Role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children

BACKGROUND: There are limited and controversial data on the in¯uence of gender on metabolic rate in prepubertal children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of gender on resting energy expenditure (REE), activity-related energy expenditure (AEE), total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) in free-living prepubertal children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 40 prepubertal children (24 boys, 16 girls, 4 ± 11 y old (mean age: 7.0 AE 1.2 y), BMI 13.1 ± 32.0 kgam 2 ). MEASUREMENTS: Energy expenditure was measured by the combination of indirect calorimetry and individually calibrated 24 h heart rate monitoring. Body composition was assessed by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Socio-cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as activities of daily living, were estimated by questionnaire for the parents. Boys and girls were matched for fat-free mass (FFM, boys: 25.9 AE 8.5 kg; and girls: 24.4 AE 4.5 kg, n.s.) and fat mass (FM, boys: 11.6 AE 5.9 kg; and girls: 10.8 AE 3.3 kg, n.s.). RESULTS: We found no sex difference in REE, AEE and TEE. PAL was 1.4 AE 0.3 for boys and 1.2 AE 0.4 for girls. REE and TEE were signi®cantly related to FFM (r 0.62, r 0.81, r 0.60). FFM was found to be the most signi®cant determinant of REE (r 2 0.70). REE accounted for the largest part of the variance in TEE (r 2 0.46). Gender had no signi®cant effect. CONCLUSIONS: There is no effect of gender on energy expenditure in prepubertal children.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

No effect of gender on different components of daily energy expenditure in free living prepubertal children

Grund

Vollbrecht

Frandsen³

et al. 2000

“…38 We suggest that the observed favourable risk pro®le in patients with higher cardiovascular ®tness is largely mediated by concomitant improvement in plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations. Since the bene®cial effect of physical activity in children is supported by controlled exercise programs, 39 further studies have to elucidate whether and how far physical activity, possibly in combination with diet, might…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of haemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in obese children and adolescents

Gallistl¹,

Sudi

Borkenstein³

et al. 2000

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contribution of serum lipids, parameters of glucose metabolism, body composition and cardiovascular ®tness to the variance of several haemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in obese children and adolescents. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Forty-two healthy, obese children and adolescents (20 male, 22 female, age 12.6 AE 3.2 y; body mass index (BMI), 30.4 AE 5.3 kgam 2 ), were screened for haemostatic and metabolic risk factors for CHD. Thirty-®ve of the participants (18 male, age 13.5 AE 2.9 y; BMI, 29.9 AE 4.5 kgam 2 ; 17 female, age 12.8 AE 2.1 y, BMI, 31.1 AE 5.3 kgam 2 ) were assessed for cardiovascular ®tness by means of incremental cycle ergometer exercise. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, fat mass correlated signi®cantly with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1-Ag) in boys and girls and factor VIIc only in girls. Children with lower power output ( 2.77 Wakg) showed signi®cantly higher values for factor VIIc, ®brinogen and tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (tPA-Ag). Neither body composition nor cardiovascular ®tness contributed independently to the variance of the determined haemostatic risk factors, except PAI-1-Ag, which has been shown to be determined by fat mass. In multiple linear regression analysis, triglycerides and PAI-1-Ag explained signi®cant independent proportions of the variance of tPA-Ag. Factor VIIc was explained by C-peptide, insulin and ®brinogen. Von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag) was signi®cantly related to glucose and insulin. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that in obese children and adolescents the haemostatic risk factors factor VIIc, vWF-Ag and tPA-Ag are mainly determinated by plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations, but are primarily independent of body composition and cardiovascular ®tness.

“…3 Declining levels of physical activity (PA) and the generalisation of a sedentary behaviour are thought to be responsible in part for this rising rate and also for an increased risk of diabetes and more generally of cardiovascular risk. [4][5][6] Thus, programmes for PA promotion and obesity prevention are needed for the young. Since engagement in PA strongly decreases during adolescence, 7 implementation of interventions at this age may be important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention centred on adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behaviour (ICAPS): concept and 6-month results

Simon¹,

Wagner²,

DiVita³

et al. 2004

112

100

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the 6-month impact of a physical activity (PA) multilevel intervention on activity patterns and psychological predictors of PA among adolescents. The intervention was directed at changing knowledge and attitudes and at providing social support and environmental conditions that encourage PA of adolescents inside and outside school. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Randomised, controlled ongoing field trial (ICAPS) in middle-school's first-level adolescents from eight schools selected in the department of the Bas-Rhin (Eastern France) with a cohort of 954 adolescents (92% of the eligible students) initially aged 11.770.6 y. The 6-month changes in participation in leisure organised PA (LOPA), high sedentary (SED) behaviour (43h/day), self-efficacy (SELF) and intention (INTENT) towards PA were analysed after controlling for baseline measures and different covariables (age, overweight, socioprofessional occupation), taking into account the cluster randomisation design. RESULTS: The proportion of intervention adolescents not engaged in organised PA was reduced by 50% whereas it was unchanged among control students. After adjustment for baseline covariables, LOPA participation significantly increased among the intervention adolescents (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR) ¼ 3.38 (1.42-8.05) in girls; 1.73 (1.12-2.66) in boys), while high SED was reduced (OR ¼ 0.54 (0.38-0.77) in girls; 0.52 (0.35-0.76) in boys). The intervention improved SELF in girls, whatever their baseline LOPA (Po10 À4 ) and INTENT in girls with no baseline LOPA (P ¼ 0.04). SELF tended to improve in boys with no baseline LOPA, without reaching statistical significance. When included in the regression, follow-up LOPA was associated with improvement of SELF in girls (P ¼ 0.02) and of INTENT in girls with no baseline PA (Po0.02). The intervention effect was then attenuated. CONCLUSION: After 6 months of intervention, ICAPS was associated with a significant improvement of activity patterns and psychological predictors, indicating a promising approach for modifying the long-term PA level of adolescents.