Role of Prostaglandins, Nitric oxide, Sulfhydryls and Capsaicin-sensitive Neurons in Gastroprotection of Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol

Abstract

In this investigation the gastroprotective activity of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was evaluated. Gastric mucosal damage was induced in rats by intragastric ethanol (1 mL/rat). Rats treated orally with stigmasterol suspended in Tween 80 at 10, 30, 100 and 300 mg kg -1 showed 26.2, 39.6, 58.3 and 70.7% gastroprotection, respectively. β-Sitosterol at 10, 30,100 and 300 mg kg -1 showed 21.6, 42.5, 48.5 and 71.2% gastroprotection, correspondingly. The gastroprotection observed at 30 mg kg -1 for stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was attenuated in rats pretreated with indomethacin, (10 mg kg -1 , s. c.), N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 70 mg kg -1 , i. p.) and capsaicin (125 mg kg -1 , s. c), suggesting that the gastroprotective mechanism of these sterols involves, at least in part, the participation of prostaglandins, nitric oxide (NO) and capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons (CPSN). The gastroprotection of β-sitosterol was also attenuated by the pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 10 mg kg -1 , s. c.) indicating that endogenous sulfrydryls may be involved in the gastrorpotection of this compound. Carbenoxolone was used as a gastroprotective model drug and showed a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect (25.7, 33.6 and 88.3% of gastroprotection, at 3, 10 and 30 mg kg -1 , respectively). The partial participation of PGs, sulfhydryls and NO was observed in the gastroprotective mechanism of carbenoxolone.

The Genus Alternanthera: Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Perspectives

“…( Astudillo-Vázquez et al, 2008 ). Phytomolecules like Vitexin and vitexin analogs ( Figer et al, 2017 ), Kaempferol and kaempferol analogs ( Beber et al, 2017 ; Campos-Vidal et al, 2021 ), Quercetin and quercetin analogs ( de la Lastra et al, 1994 ), Stigmasterol ( Sánchez-Mendoza et al, 2008 ), β-Sitosterol ( Sánchez-Mendoza et al, 2008 ), Ellagic acid ( Beserra et al, 2011 ), Ferulic acid ( Shahid et al, 2018 ), p-Coumaric acid ( Panda and Suresh, 2015 ), Chlorogenic acid ( Ahmed et al, 2021 ), and β-Carotene ( Mózsik et al, 1996 ) which were earlier reported from Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC., may be responsible for this gastrointestinal protective potential.…”

Protective effect of standardised fruit extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy against ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions in Wistar rats

“…Hence, the polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid and amentoflavone) and xanthone (α mangostin) were chosen for the standardization of the G. cowa extract. However, the chemical constituents of extract responsible for activity are not known but many phenolic and flavonoid compounds and other bioactive components like saponins, sterols (β-sitosterol) present in the extract have been reported to possess antiulcer activity [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Carbenoxolone gastroprotective mechanism: participation of nitric oxide/cGMP/KATP pathway in ethanol-induced gastric injury in the rat

“…Previous reports have shown the participation of NO in carbenoxolone‐induced gastroprotection in the rat [4,5]; however, gastric NO levels were not measured. Our results demonstrated an increase in gastric NO levels by carbenoxolone treatment in ethanol‐induced gastric injury reported as nitrates/nitrites.…”

“…Pharmacology of ATP sensitive potassium channels (K ATP ) by this pathway has been described in gastroprotection; Medeiros et al [12] report that sildenafil protects against ethanol-induced gastric injury through the NO/ c GMP/ K ATP channels pathway. In addition, the contribution of NO to the gastroprotective effect of carbenoxolone on ethanol-induced gastric injury in the rat has been described [4,5]. However, the complete NO/ c GMP/K ATP channels pathway has not been studied in the gastroprotective mechanism of carbenoxolone.…”

“…Carbenoxolone, a semisynthetic triterpenoid obtained as the succinate sodium salt of 18‐β‐glycyrrhetic acid from Glycyrrhiza glaba [1], has been shown to induce anti‐inflammatory [2], antiulcer actions [2–5]; accelerate ulcer healing in humans [2]; and reduce glucose production during hyperglucagonemia in diabetic patients [6]. Several studies related to mediators implicated in the gastroprotective effects of carbenoxolone have been done.…”