Role of Selenium on Calcium Signaling and Oxidative Stress-induced Molecular Pathways in Epilepsy

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the oldest neurological conditions known to humankind. It is known that oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species are a cause and consequence of epileptic seizures. Although recent years have seen tremendous progress in the molecular biology and metabolism of selenium, we still know little about the cell type-specific and temporal pattern of selenium and its derivatives in the brain of epileptic humans and experimental animals. It has been suggested that some antiepileptic drug therapies such as valproic acid, deplete the total body selenium level and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity although therapy with a new epileptic drug, topiramate, activated GSH-Px activity in epileptic animals and humans. An observation of lower blood or tissue selenium level and GSH-Px activity in epileptic patients and animals compared to controls in recent publications may support the proposed crucial role of selenium level and GSH-Px activity in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Selenium is incorporated into an interesting class of molecules known as selenoproteins that contain the modified amino acid, selenocysteine. There are signs of selenium and selenoprotein deficiency in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. In conclusion, there is convincing evidence for the proposed crucial role of selenium and deficiency of GSH-Px enzyme activity in epilepsy pathogenesis. Blood GSH-Px activities could be a reliable indicator of selenium deficiency in patients with epilepsy.

Chard (Beta Vulgaris Var. Cicla) Extract Modulates Zinc Status, Glucose Level and Antioxydant Values in Diabetic Rats Fed Zinc Deficiency Diet

“…It has been postulated that low level of zinc in diabetic patients may be due to excessive urinary output and gastro intestinal malabsorption [39,40]. The results of this investigation showed also that there was a significant decrease of zinc content in the previous organs of diabetic animals fed inadequate zinc diet compared to their diabetic fed adequate zinc diet, which was coincide with previous investigations [37,41]. On the other hand zinc concentration in various tissues of zinc deficient diabetic rats treated with methanol extract was restored.…”

Melatonin and amfenac modulate calcium entry, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cell culture exposed to blue light irradiation (405 nm)

“…15 If the free [Ca 2 þ ] i increases due to the degeneration of cation channel activity, physiologic cell functions will be lost. 16,17 Excessive Ca 2 þ load to the cytosol may induce apoptosis by stimulating the release of apoptosis-promoting factors.…”

Mapping of Selenium Metabolic Pathway in Yeast by Liquid Chromatography−Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

“…2 It has been reported that, Se and GSHPx participate in epilepsy pathogenesis. 3 The immuno-enhancing 4,5 , anti-viral [6][7][8] , cancer prevention 9-13 effects of Se, the protective role of Se against radiation, 14,15 cardiovascular diseases, 16,17 and reproductive disorders 18,19 have also been demonstrated.…”

“…2,20,21 One of the most economical means of supplementing selenium is selenium enriched yeast After growing in Se-containing media, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae) can be harvested with a reproducibly high organic Se content. With currently available strains of S. 3 cerevisiae, up to 3000 ppm of Se level were obtained. 22 Selenium enriched yeast is stable during storage, while inorganic Se could be reduced especially under humid condition, and Se-Met could be oxidized.…”