Role of temperatures and solvents on hydrothermal liquefaction of Azolla filiculoides

Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent

“…This solvent ideally possesses similar polarity to that of the compounds proposed to be found in raw biocrude. 2 Liquefaction with water as well as organic solvents has been reported in the literature [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] to boost the yield of liquid products. Nonetheless, further investigation is required on the use of solvents with high polarity due to their advantages from the perspective of product yield.…”

“…19 Therefore, to simplify the adversity of the conditions in which HTL is carried out, researchers have tried to utilize a hydrogen-donor solvent such as organic acids to enhance the liquid product yield. [11][12][13][15][16][17][20][21][22][23] Among the various solvents, the high polarity solvent acetone was inefficient in the proper conversion of cellulose as it failed in the donation of active radicals that are responsible for stabilizing undesirable reaction intermediates formed during the liquefaction reaction. Similarly, non-polar solvents have also showed their incapability as a hydrogen-donor, portraying a poor ability for solvolysis on cellulose conversion.…”

Ethanol-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Poplar Using Fe-Co/Al2O3 as Catalyst

“…Via the present study, 10% ethanol was also found to be the optimal auxiliary liquefaction condition. The temperature had a positive response to HTL action [17]. The distribution of HTL products of poplar at different temperatures is shown in Figure 5a-c.…”

“…Compared with Figure S2, ethanol as a cosolvent can effectively improve the bio-oil yield. Some researchers have found that Co/AC catalysts can greatly depolymerize lignin into monophenol monomer compounds, with higher bio-oil and lower residue yield [17]. Zheng et al [26] and Alper et al [27] conducted catalytic pyrolysis and HTL studies on pine sawdust (Pt-Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 ) and spruce (KF/Al 2 O 3 ), respectively, and found that polymetallic catalysis could further improve biomass degradation.…”

“…In particular, Pt/C, Ru/C, Co-MO/γ-Al 2 O 3 , and Co/CNTs have the most outstanding catalytic effects [16]. Different catalysts have different effects on HTL; it has been found that Co/Mo/Al 2 O 3 , Co/AC have better deoxidation performance and higher phenolic yield [17], whereas Fe and Al have excellent hydrodeoxygenation effects in the process of biomass liquefaction [18]. Zhao et al studied the water-ethanol biphasic catalytic liquefaction of corn stover.…”