Role of the cerebellum in the ontogenesis of the equilibrium behavior in the young rat: a behavioral study

Auvray, N.; Caston, J.; Reber, Annie; Stelz, T.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91455-8

Cited by 56 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The rotorod was identical to the one used in our previous studies (Auvray et al, 1989;Caston et al, 1995), consisting of a horizontal wooden mast (3 cm in diameter, 40 cm in length) covered by sticking plaster in order to increase its roughness and ease of gripping. Rotation around its longitudinal axis was driven by a DC electric motor at a rotation rate of 30 revolutions per min.…”

Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time during which the animals stayed on the rotorod was measured. According to previous studies (Auvray et al, 1989;Caston et al, 1995;Zion et al, 1990), the maximal score was arbitrarily fixed at 3 min because young rats (Auvray et al, 1989) and adult mice (Caston, Delhaye-Bouchaud, & Mariani, 1996) that maintain equilibrium for 3 min are able to maintain it for a much longer time (15 -20 min, sometimes more). The experiment was stopped either when the mouse reached the maximal 3 min score after 10 trials, or, if it did not, after 12 days of training.…”

Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The restoration of abilities following a lesion of a nervous structure depends on many factors:the nature of the neural structure, the extent of the lesion, the age at which the lesion was done, and the sensorimotor experience before and after the lesion (Auvray, Caston, Reber, & Stelz, 1989;Caston et al, 1995;Igarashi, Levy, O-Uchi, & Reschke, 1981;Jeannerod & Hecaen, 1979;Lacour & Xerri, 1980;Petrosini, 1983;Precht, 1983;Putkonen, Courjon, & Jeannerod, 1977;Zion, Auvray, Caston, Reber, & Stelz, 1990). However, the effects of the rearing environment on the behavioral expression of neural deficits of genetic origin have not been investigated in great detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Role of an enriched environment on the restoration of behavioral deficits in Lurcher mutant mice

et al. 1999

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Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Role of an enriched environment on the restoration of behavioral deficits in Lurcher mutant mice

et al. 1999

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“…Motor coordination was measured on P21 by a rotarod test according to the procedure described earlier (Auvray et al, 1989;Caston et al, 1998). The pups, placed perpendicular to the horizontally rotating cylinder with their heads facing against the direction of rotation, had to move forward to maintain equilibrium and remain on the cylinder.…”

Section: Developmental and Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to altered gravity during specific developmental periods differentially affects growth, development, the cerebellum and motor functions in male and female rats

Nguon

Ladd

Sajdel-Sulkowska

2006

Advances in Space Research

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We previously reported that perinatal exposure to hypergravity affects cerebellar structure and motor coordination in rat neonates. In the present study, we explored the hypothesis that neonatal cerebellar structure and motor coordination may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of hypergravity during specific developmental stages. To test this hypothesis, we compared neurodevelopment, motor behavior and cerebellar structure in rat neonates exposed to 1.65 G on a 24-ft centrifuge during discrete periods of time: the 2 nd week of pregnancy [gestational day (G) 8 through G15; group A], the 3 rd week of pregnancy (G15 through birth on G22/G23; group B), the 1 st week of nursing [birth through postnatal day (P) 6; group C], the 2 nd and 3 rd weeks of nursing (P6 through P21; group D), the combined 2 nd and 3 rd weeks of pregnancy and nursing (G8 through P21; group E) and stationary control (SC) neonates (group F). Prenatal exposure to hypergravity resulted in intrauterine growth retardation as reflected by a decrease in the number of pups in a litter and lower average mass at birth. Exposure to hypergravity immediately after birth impaired the righting response on P3, while the startle response in both males and females was most affected by exposure during the 2 nd and 3 rd weeks after birth. Hypergravity exposure also impaired motor functions, as evidenced by poorer performance on a rotarod; while both males and females exposed to hypergravity during the 2 nd and 3 rd weeks after birth performed poorly on P21, male neonates were most dramatically affected by exposure to hypergravity during the second week of gestation, when the duration of their recorded stay on the rotarod was one half that of SC males. Cerebellar mass was most reduced by later postnatal exposure. Thus, for the developing rat cerebellum, the postnatal period that overlaps the brain growth spurt is the most vulnerable to hypergravity. However, male motor behavior is also affected by midpregnancy exposure to hypergravity, suggesting discrete and sexually dimorphic windows of vulnerability of the developing central nervous system to environmental perturbations.

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“…We recorded how long the mice stayed on the rod and which strategy they used. The maximum score was 180 sec, because the test was limited to 3 min (16,17). Two kinds of strategies were observed and quantified: walking and hanging.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

staggerer phenotype in retinoid-related orphan receptor α-deficient mice

Steinmayr

André

Conquet

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

265

229

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Retinoid-related orphan receptor ␣ (ROR␣) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. To study its physiological role we generated null-mutant mice by targeted insertion of a lacZ reporter gene encoding the enzyme ␤-galactosidase. In heterozygous ROR␣ ؉/؊ mice we found ␤-galactosidase activity, indicative of ROR␣ protein expression, confined to the central nervous system, skin and testis. In the central nervous system, the ROR␣ gene is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells, the thalamus, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and retinal ganglion cells. In skin, ROR␣ is strongly expressed in the hair follicle, the epidermis, and the sebaceous gland. Finally, the peritubular cells of the testis and the epithelial cells of the epididymis also strongly express ROR␣. Recently, it was reported that the ataxic mouse mutant staggerer (sg͞sg) is caused by a deletion in the ROR␣ gene. The analysis of the cerebellar and the behavioral phenotype of homozygous ROR␣ ؊/؊ mice proves identity to sg͞sg mice. Although the absence of ROR␣ causes dramatic developmental effects in the cerebellum, it has no apparent morphological effect on thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina. Similarly, testis and skin of ROR␣ ؊/؊ mice display a normal phenotype. However, the pelage hair of both sg͞sg and ROR␣ ؊/؊ is significantly less dense and when shaved shows reluctance to regrow.Nuclear receptors form a structurally related superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors (1). They are involved in several aspects of vertebrate physiology, such as development and homeostasis. Important examples are the steroid hormone receptors that regulate, in a ligand-dependent manner, specific sets of responding genes. The retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor (ROR) ␣ (2, 3), ROR␤ (4), and ROR␥ (5) constitute a subfamily of nuclear receptors that bind to DNA both as monomers and dimers. Distribution of ROR␣ mRNA suggests that this receptor is widely expressed and functions in several organs including brain, heart, liver, lung, and testis; highest levels were found in peripheral blood leukocytes and skin (M.B.-A., unpublished data). ROR␣ exists in four splicing isoforms: ROR␣1-4. They display different N-terminal domains causing different DNA binding site preferences (3), and they display differential expression profiles: in the thalamus there is only ROR␣1 mRNA; ROR␣4 (ϭRZR␣) (2) transcripts are predominant in leukocytes and skin; ROR␣2 and ROR␣3 transcripts are exclusively detected in testis; and in the remaining tissues including the cerebellum there is a mixture of ROR␣1 and ROR␣4 transcripts (M.B.-A., unpublished results). In the central nervous system (CNS) ROR␣ mRNA localizes to the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), various thalamic nuclei, and, during development, to other brain areas (6, 7). To study the physiological role of this orphan receptor we generated ROR␣ null-mutant mice by gene targeting. In the course of this work the genetic basis of the staggerer (sg) mutation in mouse was identified by positional cloning as a deletion in the R...

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Role of the cerebellum in the ontogenesis of the equilibrium behavior in the young rat: a behavioral study

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

Role of an enriched environment on the restoration of behavioral deficits in Lurcher mutant mice

Role of an enriched environment on the restoration of behavioral deficits in Lurcher mutant mice

Exposure to altered gravity during specific developmental periods differentially affects growth, development, the cerebellum and motor functions in male and female rats

staggerer phenotype in retinoid-related orphan receptor α-deficient mice

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