Role of the intertidal predatory shore crab Carcinus maenas in transmission dynamics of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant

Bookelaar, B.; O'Reilly, Amy; Lynch, Sharon A.; Culloty, Sarah C.

doi:10.3354/dao03264

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In this study, the potential for an intertidal ecosystem engineer C. edule to become infected with and to act as an alternate host of OsHV-1 μVar was determined, through field screening, laboratory transmission trials and using a variety of diagnostic methods. The field survey demonstrated the ability of a virus to jump host to an alternate infaunal bivalve with potential further transmission through an ecosystem and potentially greater geographic dispersal via trophic food webs, as was demonstrated by Bookelaar et al [42]. In that study, OsHV-1 μVar was detected in C. maenas, a predator/scavenger of C. gigas and C. edule [52], and transmission of the virus occurred between infected crabs and naïve C. gigas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…More recently OsHV-1 μVar was detected in different marine invertebrates including the Sydney cockle Anadara trapezia in Australia [39], in cultured Mytilus galloprovinciallis in Italy [40], in wild Mytilus spp. consisting of the blue Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovinciallis and hybrids of both parent species, in Ireland [41] and the green shore crab C. maenas [42]. Bookelaar et al [42] demonstrated that transmission of the virus could occur from C. maenas, previously exposed to the OsHV-1 μVar in the wild, to cohabiting naïve C. gigas within four days.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…consisting of the blue Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovinciallis and hybrids of both parent species, in Ireland [41] and the green shore crab C. maenas [42]. Bookelaar et al [42] demonstrated that transmission of the virus could occur from C. maenas, previously exposed to the OsHV-1 μVar in the wild, to cohabiting naïve C. gigas within four days. These findings provided some insight on the potential for pathogen species to jump host and more importantly the possibility that this virus can be transmitted through marine food webs and dispersed over greater distances via mobile top predators.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

2020

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Background The common cockle Cerastoderma edule plays an important ecological role in the marine ecosystem both as an infaunal engineer (reef forming and bioturbation) and a food source for protected bird species in its European range. Cockle beds are found in close proximity to aquaculture and fisheries operations, which can be “hot spots” for infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar (OsHV-1 μVar) has spread to many Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas culture sites globally, where it has been associated with significant mortalities in this cultured bivalve. Knowledge on the impact of the virus on the wider ecosystem, is limited. As the likelihood of released virus dispersing into the wider aquatic ecosystem is high, the plasticity of the virus and the susceptibility of C. edule to act as hosts or carriers is unknown. Methods In this study, wild C. edule were sampled biweekly at two C. gigas culture sites over a four-month period during the summer when OsHV-1 μVar prevalence is at its highest in oysters. C. edule were screened for the virus molecularly (PCR, qPCR and Sanger sequencing) and visually (in situ hybridisation (ISH)). The cockle’s ability to act as a carrier and transmit OsHV-1 μVar to the oyster host at a temperature of 14 ℃, when the virus is considered to be dormant until water temperatures exceed 16 ℃, was also assessed in laboratory transmission trials. Results The results demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was detected in all C. edule size/age cohorts, at both culture sites. In the laboratory, viral transmission was effected from cockles to naïve oysters for the first time, five days post-exposure. The laboratory study also demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was active and was successfully transmitted from the C. edule at lower temperatures. Conclusions This study demonstrates that OsHV-1 μVar has the plasticity to infect the keystone species C. edule and highlights the possible trophic transmission of the virus from cockles to their mobile top predators. This scenario would have important implications, as a greater geographical range expansion of this significant pathogen via migratory bird species may have an impact on other species that reside in bird habitats most of which are special areas of conservation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

2020

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“…The presence of oysters and crabs resulted in significant reduction of PgV abundances over the 24 h experimental period, i.e. <12% and 90% respectively within 3 h. In other studies, after exposure to water containing human enteric viruses, bivalves and crabs showed internal accumulation of the viruses, with recovery of viruses from tissues such as the digestive tract [45][46][47][48][49] . This indicates that both decapods and bivalves have the potential to take up viruses from their surrounding environment and, collectively, significantly contribute to the reduction in viral abundances.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Marine virus predation by non-host organisms

Welsh

Steenhuis

Moraes

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in marine environments, however, despite its potential ecological implications, little is known about virus removal by ambient non-host organisms. Here, we examined the effects of a variety of non-host organisms on the removal of viruses. The marine algal virus PgV-07T (infective to Phaeocystis globosa) can be discriminated from bacteriophages using flow cytometry, facilitating its use as a representative model system. Of all the non-host organisms tested, anemones, polychaete larvae, sea squirts, crabs, cockles, oysters and sponges significantly reduced viral abundance. The latter four species reduced viral abundance the most, by 90, 43, 12 and 98% over 24 h, respectively. Breadcrumb sponges instantly removed viruses at high rates (176 mL h −1 g tissue dry wt −1) which continued over an extended period of time. the variety of non-host organisms capable of reducing viral abundance highlights that viral loss by ambient organisms is an overlooked avenue of viral ecology. Moreover, our finding that temperate sponges have the huge potential for constant and effective removal of viruses from the water column demonstrates that natural viral loss has, thus far, been underestimated.

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“…Carcinus maenas is a crustacean species native to all coasts of the UK, Ireland and North-East Atlantic. It is well known for its role as a prolific invasive to many other parts of the world [ 13 ], as well as its capacity to harbour numerous parasites and diseases [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Of late, parasites of C. maenas are of increasing interest and importance due to their disease status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycosis Is a Disease State Encountered Rarely in Shore Crabs, Carcinus maenas

et al. 2020

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There is a paucity of knowledge regarding the diversity and impact(s) of disease-causing fungi in marine animals, especially shellfish. In efforts to address this knowledge gap for the shore crab Carcinus maenas, a year-long disease screen was carried out across two sites in Swansea Bay (Wales, UK) with a view to characterising putative fungal infections. Crabs were sampled between November 2017 and October 2018, and screened systematically for disease signatures using haemolymph (blood) preparations, targeted PCR and tissue histopathology. Strikingly, mycosis was confirmed in ~0.4% of total crabs tested (n = 1191) and restricted to one location only (Mumbles Pier). Clinical infections were observed in four out of four infected crabs. In these animals, the gills and hepatopancreas were congested with fungal morphotypes. In addition, some evidence indicates haemocyte (immune cell) reactivity toward the fungi. Phylogenetic placement of the partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) gene regions amplified from three mycotic crabs revealed the causative agent to be related to hypocrealean fungi, thereby representing a novel species.

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Role of the intertidal predatory shore crab Carcinus maenas in transmission dynamics of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant

Cited by 22 publications

References 57 publications

Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

Marine virus predation by non-host organisms

Mycosis Is a Disease State Encountered Rarely in Shore Crabs, Carcinus maenas

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