Bird nests are essential structures that directly determine the fitness
of an organism. While there is theory and evidence predicting an
association between species nest traits and their habitat, few studies
have comprehensively examined the macroevolutionary patterns driving
nest evolution, species niche and their interrelation. Using information
on 3174 species of songbirds, we show that species that build domed
nests (i.e. nests with a roof) have smaller ranges, narrower thermal
niches, are less likely to colonise urban environments and have
potentially higher extinction rates compared to species that build open
nests. Moreover, we show that these macroevolutionary patterns could be
driven by the higher energetic demands when building domed nests, which
consumes more time and might restrict breeding opportunities. These
diverse strands of evidence suggest that the transition from domed to
open nests in passerines represents an important evolutionary innovation
behind the success of the largest radiation of birds.