An isothermal compression experiment was conducted to study the rheological behavior of Al-4.57Zn-1.50Mg-1.92Cu high-strength aluminum alloy at strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 20 s−1 and temperatures in the range of 573 to 773 K. Then, the effects of strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature on material deformation were investigated through orthogonal experiment analysis. According to the research results, strain rate and temperature had significant effects on the level of flow stress. Besides, the constitutive equation was established and demonstrated as applicable to predict the performance accurately. Meanwhile, the processing map under a true strain of 1.1 was built, to assess the deformation safety in different domains. Furthermore, the evolutionary trend of microstructure was observed by means of Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscope. It was discovered that dynamic recovery and small-scale dynamic recrystallization played a major role in the softening mechanism of alloy during hot deformation. Moreover, dynamic recrystallization was found to have a significant impact on the hot deformation behavior of the alloys.