“…Although many factors are behind mangrove loss, humans largely contribute to the threatened state (Walters et al, 2008). In describing anthropogenic degradation of mangroves globally, six distinct categories have been found: (1) degradation resulting from extractive uses of mangrove trees and fauna (Ellison and Farnsworth, 1996;Romañach et al, 2018); (2) degradation of mangroves associated with reclamation for non-extractive uses (including the harvesting of fish, crab, shellfish, honey, wood, charcoal and tannins); the conversion of mangroves for agricultural, industrial and urban developments; and to create salt flats and shrimp ponds (Alongi et al, 2016;Cisse et al, 2004;Diop and Soumare, 1999;Ellison and Farnsworth, 1996;Ndour et al, 2012;Romañach et al, 2018;Valiela et al, 2001); (3) degradation resulting from the pollution of mangroves (Ellison and Farnsworth, 1996;Romañach et al, 2018); (4) degradation resulting from human-driven climate change (Ellison and Farnsworth, 1996); (5) degradation resulting from anthropogenic hydrological changes (Dahdouh-Guebas et al, 2005); and, (6) degradation resulting from the overgrazing by livestock (Dahdouh-Guebas et al, 2006).…”