Roles of Sex Hormones and Gender in the Gut Microbiota

Yoon, Kichul; Kim, Na Young

doi:10.5056/jnm20208

Cited by 153 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Obesity has been linked with change in the gut microbiome[ 27 ] which has, in turn, been linked with microscopic colitis[ 19 , 28 , 29 ]. The gut microbiota can metabolize androgens and estrogens[ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity is associated with decreased risk of microscopic colitis in women

Sandler¹,

Keku²,

Woosley³

et al. 2022

WJG

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BACKGROUND Microscopic colitis is a leading cause of diarrhea in the older adults. There is limited information about risk factors. We hypothesized that obesity would be associated with microscopic colitis. AIM To examine the association between obesity and microscopic colitis in men and women undergoing colonoscopy. METHODS We conducted a case-control study at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. We identified and enrolled men and women referred for elective, outpatient colonoscopy for chronic diarrhea. We excluded patients with a past diagnosis of Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. A research pathologist reviewed biopsies on every patient and classified them as microscopic colitis cases or non-microscopic colitis controls. Patients provided information on body weight, height and exposure to medications via structured interviews or Internet based forms. The analysis included 110 patients with microscopic colitis (cases) and 252 non-microscopic colitis controls. Multivariable analyses were performed using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Cases were older and more likely than controls to be white race. Study subjects were well educated, but cases were better educated than controls. Cases with microscopic colitis had lower body mass index than controls and reported more weight loss after the onset of diarrhea. Compared to patients who were normal or under-weight, obese (BMI > 30 kg/m 2 ) patients were substantially less likely to have microscopic colitis after adjusting for age and education, adjusted OR (aOR) 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.66). When stratified by sex, the association was limited to obese women, aOR 0.21, 95%CI: 0.10-0.45. Patients with microscopic colitis were more likely to report weight loss after the onset of diarrhea. After stratifying by weight loss, there remained a strong inverse association between obesity and microscopic colitis, aOR 0.33, 95%CI: 0.10 – 1.11 among the patients who did not lose weight. Ever use of birth control pills was associated with lower risk of microscopic colitis after adjusting for age, education and BMI, aOR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17-0.84. CONCLUSION Compared to controls also seen for diarrhea, microscopic colitis cases were less likely to be obese. Mechanisms are unknown but could involve hormonal effects of obesity or the gut microbiome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity is associated with decreased risk of microscopic colitis in women

Sandler¹,

Keku²,

Woosley³

et al. 2022

WJG

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“…Various factors that affect the gut microbiota. Sex maturation and sex hormones perform critical roles after puberty, and estrogen, testosterone, and androgen are proven to be related to the gut microbiome have been reported [26]. Moreover, increased reports have revealed the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity [27][28][29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, sex differences in gut microbiota may be hormonally related. Estrogen and testosterone, as a manifestation of sex discrimination, have been shown to directly affect the gut microbiota [26,33]. This sex-related gut microbial difference is re ected not only in the age group with high sex hormone secretion but also in all age groups [30,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assess The Diversity of Gut Microbiota Among Healthy Adults For Forensic Application

Wang

Song

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Human gut microbiota is individually unique that hints the microbiota in fecal traces left in the crime scene could act as a potential biomarker for forensic personal identification. Next-generation DNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of fecal samples are revolutionizing our insights into gut microbial communities. While the formation of the gut microbiota is known to be multifactorial, it is unclear whether these characteristics can be applied to forensic applications. Therefore, the gut microbiota of healthy adults with different traits in Chengdu was investigated in this study.Results: Based on the STAMP analysis of each study group, the difference in gut microbiota composition in male and female subjects was observed. The male group was characterized by taxa in the phylum Proteobacteria, while the female group was described by Synergistetes phylum. The gut bacterial community assembly mechanism was mainly affected by the deterministic process. In addition, gut microbiota composition showed meaningful discrimination in each of the BMI groups. At the phylum level, in male subjects, increased representative phyla were Patescibacteria (p<0.05) in the underweight group and Bacteroidetes (p<0.05) in the normal-weight group, while in the female group, the significantly different phyla were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, 44 unique genera were found to be significantly distinct across BMI study groups. By Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis based on 38 of 44 unique genera, 94.4% of original BMI grouped subjects were correctly classified.Conclusion: In conclusion, subjects with different individual characters have specific gut microbiota, and can be discriminated by bioinformatics methods, suggesting it is promising to apply gut microbiota to forensic personal identification.

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“…These interactions influence pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways ( 92 , 93 ). Indirect influences might include for example sex-dependent organ development ( 94 ) or influence of sex hormones on gut microbiota ( 95 ).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sex-dependent Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases

Lipoldová

Démant

2021

Front. Immunol.

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Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host’s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host’s hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management.

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Roles of Sex Hormones and Gender in the Gut Microbiota

Abstract: published online; they have not yet been assigned to a journal issue. When these articles are published in an issue, they will be removed. Online First articles are copy-edited, typeset and approved by the authors before publication.

Cited by 153 publications

References 92 publications

Obesity is associated with decreased risk of microscopic colitis in women

Obesity is associated with decreased risk of microscopic colitis in women

Assess The Diversity of Gut Microbiota Among Healthy Adults For Forensic Application

Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases

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