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Savurganlık (israf/ müsriflik, prodigentia), devamlılık arz eden ihtiyatsız yaşam tarzı ile bir kimsenin malvarlığının kötü yönetimini ifade etmektedir. Bir kişinin malvarlığını kötü yönetmek suretiyle kendisini veya ailesini yoksulluğa düşürme tehlikesine yol açacak şekilde savurganlık içinde olması, Roma Hukuku’nda bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Böylece müsrifin hukuki işlemleri kısıtlanarak, kendisine ait olan malvarlığını idare etme yetkisi elinden alınmakta ve bu kişilere sadece malvarlığının yönetilmesi için bir “kayyım” (cura) atanmaktaydı. Hem müsrifin hem de ailesinin korunması düşüncesinin bir sonucu olan bu durum, hukukumuzda da bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak düzenlenmiştir (TMK. m. 406). Roma Hukukunda savurganlığın bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak düzenlenmesi ve bunun hüküm ve sonuçları, hukukumuzla büyük ölçüde paralellik göstermektedir. Çalışmada Roma hukukunda savurganlık sebebiyle kısıtlamanın şartları ve sonuçları incelenmiş, hukukumuzla olan benzerlikler tespit edildikten sonra yeni yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde konunun değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.
Savurganlık (israf/ müsriflik, prodigentia), devamlılık arz eden ihtiyatsız yaşam tarzı ile bir kimsenin malvarlığının kötü yönetimini ifade etmektedir. Bir kişinin malvarlığını kötü yönetmek suretiyle kendisini veya ailesini yoksulluğa düşürme tehlikesine yol açacak şekilde savurganlık içinde olması, Roma Hukuku’nda bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Böylece müsrifin hukuki işlemleri kısıtlanarak, kendisine ait olan malvarlığını idare etme yetkisi elinden alınmakta ve bu kişilere sadece malvarlığının yönetilmesi için bir “kayyım” (cura) atanmaktaydı. Hem müsrifin hem de ailesinin korunması düşüncesinin bir sonucu olan bu durum, hukukumuzda da bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak düzenlenmiştir (TMK. m. 406). Roma Hukukunda savurganlığın bir kısıtlama sebebi olarak düzenlenmesi ve bunun hüküm ve sonuçları, hukukumuzla büyük ölçüde paralellik göstermektedir. Çalışmada Roma hukukunda savurganlık sebebiyle kısıtlamanın şartları ve sonuçları incelenmiş, hukukumuzla olan benzerlikler tespit edildikten sonra yeni yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde konunun değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.
The dilemma that human-beings are in is that; while they are aware that the sustainment of their own living fully depends on the sustainment of the natural-beings’ living, on the one hand, they also want to use (usus), exploit (fructus), and even abuse (abusus) them, on the other. This dilemma has emerged after the viewing of the natural-beings as «resources» has proved that they are not endless by causing the extinction of many of them. It is an undeniable fact that natural-beings are the only sources for the sustainability of all beings’ life. However; this, by no means, means that they can be used, exploited, and abused as one wishes. For, there is a miraculous circulation in nature that can be summarized as the «butterfly effect»: The planet we live on is like a closed circuit; that is, no being vanishes but just rots, dissolves and transforms into another being. Let’s take a look at the water: it drops from a cloud onto the earth in its pure form; it forms the rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans; it is absorbed by the soil; after being absorbed from there by a plant, via the roots thereof, it is mixed up with other chemicals therein and been stored thereby in the form of a fruit appetizing for animals and humanbeings; it turns into the blood after being digested in these beings’ bodies; it travels through the veins within their bodies; it returns back to the nature through the excretion and sweating processes or their burial upon the death of these beings; from where it evaporates to form another cloud. Let’s take a look at the oxygen: it exists in, in addition to the air, all the places mentioned above wherein exists the water, of which it is a component, together with a pair of hydrogens — which is such a miraculous composition: a couple of flammable gas together with a burner gas, instead of creating a fire, creates a fire-extinguisher liquid-; it flies all around along with other gases; as a result of being inhaled by animal and human-beings at all-times and by plants only at night-times, it couples with another oxygen and one carbon and turns into a carbon-dioxide; returns back to its original form as a result of the photosynthesis process of plants during daytime.Therefore; the soil formed by minerals and organic materials, the Sun, the air, and the water, all together make the living of plants, animals, and human-beings possible. Plants make it possible for almost all animals and humanbeings to live, and animals make it possible for most human-beings and some plants to live. These two naturalliving-beings, besides water, should be consumed as the only source of food for the continuation of human life. The exact same particles in these beings, just in the same way they have been doing so since the beginning of time, do also compose the bodies of human-beings that consume them by eating and drinking; and they will again transform back to their original states in order to form a new corpse that will host a new soul after the death of these human-beings too.The natural-beings that we now see in their form of the meal are only unvanishable in their particle form as clearly seen in the extinct-natural-living-beings’ case of both plants and animals. This reality brings us to the conclusion that; we must protect them, i.e., stop destroying them, at least for our own sake. The mostly used legal tool for this protection is a punishment-based method, in which the foreseen actions are prohibited as a rule by the legislator, and those who violate them are punished with the penalties prescribed by the courts. Two of the most important shortcomings of this method are to impose sanctions on unforeseen acts and to ensure that the foreseen sanctions serve to compensate the damaged natural-beings. There is an alternative method, that is in use in a few countries, fulfilling the above-mentioned shortcomings: attributing legal personality to natural-beings. According to this; first, an action may be brought for compensation for damage to a natural-being, whether foreseen by the legislator or not; secondly, the court considers the actual damage done to the naturalbeing instead of a predetermined fixed amount as in the case of a fine; thirdly, the compensation determined by the court serves to compensate the damages of the natural-being. Such a change of perspective towards them would make a huge difference in simplifying and effectuating their protection method.In this paper, we will examine a new legal personality status, which we define as «legal deal with the meal» by analogy with «social contract», under the name of «natural personality», which will enable natural-beings to have their own rights.
Although a person is first a child and then an adult, the legal world has not been interested in the child enough. This includes the field of legal history. In the oldest ages of history, the child was seen as an object of law, not a subject. This was also the case in the ancient Roman world. In Roman society, the child was not a subject of law within or outside the family, but was a person subject to the father's dominance, without rights in terms of person and property, or who could not use his rights. It is concluded through interpretation that the Romans considered those below the age of 12/14, which has been accepted as the age of physical maturity since the archaic period, as children. In Roman law, there are two basic regimes that determine the legal status of the child: patria potestas/paternal dominance and tutela/guardianship.
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