Room‐Temperature Carbide‐Derived Carbon Synthesis by Electrochemical Etching of MAX Phases

Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Halim, Joseph; Dyatkin, B. L.; Naguib, Michael; Buranova, Yulia; Barsoum, Michel W.; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1002/ange.201402513

Cited by 91 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, the remaining peak corresponds to C-C. The appearance of this C-C peak may be due to the selective dissolution of Ti at high temperatures, which leads to graphitic C-C [42,43]. All these results are indicative of the formation of the ZnO/Ti 3 C 2 T x hybrid structure.…”

Section: Bonding Statesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Rice Crust-Like ZnO/Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Structures for Improved Photocatalytic Activity

Tran

Noh

2020

Catalysts

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Novel two-dimensional ZnO/Ti3C2Tx hybrid photocatalysts with modified surface areas were prepared using a simple calcination technique. The microstructures, crystalline features, and bonding states of the ZnO structure-covered Ti3C2Tx MXenes were closely characterized using various tools. The photoluminescence intensity of the hybrid photocatalyst was greatly reduced compared to the pristine ZnO, while its Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area increased by more than 100 times. Under solar light illumination, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the hybrid photocatalyst for organic pollutants (MO, RhB) appeared to be three-fold larger as compared to pristine ZnO. The superb photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst was attributed to several factors, such as ideal band alignment, Schottky barrier formation, and large surface area. Moreover, the ZnO/Ti3C2Tx hybrid photocatalyst showed excellent cycling stability. These results suggest that the novel hybrid structure may be a potential candidate for removing organic pollutants in wastewater.

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Section: Bonding Statesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Rice Crust-Like ZnO/Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Structures for Improved Photocatalytic Activity

Tran

Noh

2020

Catalysts

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“…It is important to mention that 2D but less ordered CDC can be produced by extracting metals from other carbides chemically 3 or electrochemically. 17 …”

Section: ■ Graphenementioning

confidence: 97%

Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Materials by Selective Extraction

2014

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CONSPECTUS: Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much attention in the past decade. They offer high specific surface area, as well as electronic structure and properties that differ from their bulk counterparts due to the low dimensionality. Graphene is the best known and the most studied 2D material, but metal oxides and hydroxides (including clays), dichalcogenides, boron nitride (BN), and other materials that are one or several atoms thick are receiving increasing attention. They may deliver a combination of properties that cannot be provided by other materials. The most common synthesis approach in general is by reacting different elements or compounds to form a new compound. However, this approach does not necessarily work well for low-dimensional structures, since it favors formation of energetically preferred 3D (bulk) solids. Many 2D materials are produced by exfoliation of van der Waals solids, such as graphite or MoS2, breaking large particles into 2D layers. However, these approaches are not universal; for example, 2D transition metal carbides cannot be produced by any of them. An alternative but less studied way of material synthesis is the selective extraction process, which is based on the difference in reactivity and stability between the different components (elements or structural units) of the original material. It can be achieved using thermal, chemical, or electrochemical processes. Many 2D materials have been synthesized using selective extraction, such as graphene from SiC, transition metal oxides (TMO) from layered 3D salts, and transition metal carbides or carbonitrides (MXenes) from MAX phases. Selective extraction synthesis is critically important when the bonds between the building blocks of the material are too strong (e.g., in carbides) to be broken mechanically in order to form nanostructures. Unlike extractive metallurgy, where the extracted metal is the goal of the process, selective extraction of one or more elements from the precursor materials releases 2D structures. In this Account, in addition to graphene and TMO, we focused on MXenes as an example for the use of selective extraction synthesis to produce novel 2D materials. About 10 new carbides and carbonitrides of transition metals have been produced by this method in the past 3 years. They offer an unusual combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity and show very attractive electrochemical properties. We hope that this Account will encourage researchers to extend the use of selective extraction to other layered material systems that in turn will result in expanding the world of nanomaterials in general and 2D materials in particular, generating new materials that cannot be produced by other means.

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“…The former could be due to selective dissolution of Ti during etching, which can result in graphitic C-C formation. [51] The CH x , and C-O species, on the other hand, likely result from the solvents used in the separation and drying processes and/or the exposure of the high-surface area material to the ambient. Note that the percentages of C-C, CH x and C-O decrease to about 15 % of the photoemission in the C 1s region for the ap-Ti 3 C 2 T x sample after sputtering.…”

Section: S Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)

Halim

Cook

Naguib

et al. 2016

Applied Surface Science

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In this work, a detailed high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is presented for select MXenesa recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and carbonitrides. Given their 2D nature, understanding their surface chemistry is paramount. Herein we identify and quantify the surface groups present before, and after, sputter-cleaning as well as freshly prepared vs. aged multilayered cold pressed discs. The nominal compositions of the MXenes studied here are Ti 3 C 2 T x , Ti 2 CT x , Ti 3 CNT x , Nb 2 CT x and Nb 4 C 3 T x , where T represents surface groups that this work attempts to quantify. In all the cases, the presence of three surface terminations,-O,-OH and-F, in addition to OH-terminations relatively strongly bonded to H 2 O molecules, was confirmed. From XPS peak fits, it was possible to establish the the average sum of the negative charges of the terminations for the MXenes. Based on this work, it is now possible to quantify the nature of the surface terminations. This information can, in turn, be used to better design and tailor these novel 2D materials for various applications.

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Room‐Temperature Carbide‐Derived Carbon Synthesis by Electrochemical Etching of MAX Phases

Cited by 91 publications

References 34 publications

Rice Crust-Like ZnO/Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Structures for Improved Photocatalytic Activity

Rice Crust-Like ZnO/Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Structures for Improved Photocatalytic Activity

Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Materials by Selective Extraction

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)

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