Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage

Is single layer graphene a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries?

“…3, the cells start to show good electrochemical performance in terms of cycling stability as well as coulombic efficiency (≥ 90 %, ≥ 85 % for NaClO 4 in PC electrolyte) after 20 discharge-charge cycles. However, during the initial cycles (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), these electrochemical parameters, particularly the capacity retention, were much lower.…”

“…Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are currently considered an attractive alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) particularly for application in stationary large-scale electric energy storage systems (EES) owing to the abundant resources, low cost and safety of sodium as compared with lithium [1,2]. In these systems, the cost is the overriding issue as they are made up of a great number of batteries, whereas the energy density at the battery unit level is not a critical factor, thus being a realistic option for the application of the SIBs since they usually have lower energy density than their counterparts LIBs.…”

“…To this end, a variety of electrode materials [1][2][3][4], cathode and anode, and electrolytes [1,2,5,6] for SIBs have been investigated, mainly, in the last two years. The results of the research in the field of cathode materials, several of them obtained by the simple replacement of lithium by sodium in the analogue compound, appear promising with a number of layered transition metal oxides, phosphates and fluorophosphates showing acceptable reversible capacity, stability and relatively high operating potentials [1,4].…”

Flexible Electrodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and Perspectives

“…Recently, various active materials, such as FeS, [43] Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 , [44] Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , [45] MoO 3−x , [46] NiCo 2 O 4 , [47] SnS 2 , [48] VO 2 , [49] FeFe(CN) 6 , [50] and Sb 2 X 3 (X = O, S), [51] have been directly grown or coated on the surface of carbon cloth. For example, Mo et al [47] reported the growth of three-dimensional porous NiCo 2 O 4 nanowire arrays on a carbon cloth (denoted as NCO@CFC) via the solution method with a subsequent annealing treatment (Figure 2e,f).…”

“…It is even predicted that the world will run out of lithium supplies in the foreseeable future. [6][7][8] It is well known that sodium resources are more abundant (abundance: 23.6 × 10 3 mg kg −1 vs 20 mg kg −1 ) and vast (for example, the United States alone possesses 23 billion tons of soda ash which is a sodium-containing precursor) than lithium analog. Additionally, the trona (about $135-165 per ton), which could be used to produce sodium carbonate, has much lower cost than lithium carbonate (about $5000 per ton in 2010).…”