ROS and ROS‐Mediated Cellular Signaling

Abstract

It has long been recognized that an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modify the cell-signaling proteins and have functional consequences, which successively mediate pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, unchecked growth, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and aging. While numerous articles have demonstrated the impacts of ROS on various signaling pathways and clarify the mechanism of action of cell-signaling proteins, their influence on the level of intracellular ROS, and their complex interactions among multiple ROS associated signaling pathways, the systemic summary is necessary. In this review paper, we particularly focus on the pattern of the generation and homeostasis of intracellular ROS, the mechanisms and targets of ROS impacting on cell-signaling proteins (NF-κB, MAPKs, Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, and PI3K-Akt), ion channels and transporters (Ca2+ and mPTP), and modifying protein kinase and Ubiquitination/Proteasome System.

Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Sepsis

“…Redox reactions represent the basis for numerous biochemical mechanisms imperative for physiological cell function like cell signaling [13,14]. Oxidants and antioxidants play a key role in the abovementioned mechanisms.…”

Anti-inflammatory Activity of β-Carotene, Lycopene and Tri-n-butylborane, a Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species

“…A high level of ROS induced by treatment with LPS modulates a number of cell signaling pathways, thus regulating the expression of multiple genes such as those for COX2 and NOS2 in vitro and in vivo (34). In general, inflammatory activity is accompanied by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to production of nitric oxide, in vivo 32: 255-264 (2018) 260 which enhances the catalytic activity of COX2 via formation of the peroxinitrite anion (35).…”

Polyethylenimine-functionalized silver nanoparticle-based co-delivery of paclitaxel to induce HepG2 cell apoptosis

“…37 The imbalance between ROS generation and antioxidant system triggers oxidative stress, which is related to much pathology, including cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases. 38,39 Many reports have demonstrated the relationship of AgNPsmediated cytotoxic and oxidative stress, but the anticancer mechanisms of AgNPs have remained poorly understood. 40,41 Thus, Ag@PEI@PTX was synthesized as a novel chemotherapeutic agent to achieve HepG2 apoptosis.…”