Ross River Virus Disease Reemergence, Fiji, 2003–2004

Klapsing, Philipp; MacLean, J. Dick; Glaze, Sarah; McClean, Karen L.; Drebot, Michael A.; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Campbell, Grant L.

doi:10.3201/eid1104.041070

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It was assumed that RRV had then disappeared from the region, probably because of the lack of a suitable reservoir host. Then in 1999 a further case was reported in a German traveller returning from Fiji and the Cook Islands, andin 2003-2004, two more cases were reported in Canadian travelers who had traveled to Fiji (Klapsing et al 2005). Whether the virus is now endemic in Fiji and the Cook Islands or continues to be introduced occasionally is unknown (Russell 2002).…”

Section: History Of Epidemic Polyarthritis In the Australasian Regionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus Infections: A Review of History, Ecology, and Predictive Models, with Implications for Tropical Northern Australia

Jacups

Whelan

Currie³

2008

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

143

128

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The purpose of the present article is to present a review of the Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) literature in relation to potential implications for future disease in tropical northern Australia. Ross River virus infection is the most common and most widespread arboviral disease in Australia, with an average of 4,800 national notifications annually. Of recent concern is the sudden rise in BFV infections; the 2005-2006 summer marked the largest BFV epidemic on record in Australia, with 1,895 notifications. Although not life-threatening, infection with either virus can cause arthritis, myalgia, and fatigue for 6 months or longer, resulting in substantial morbidity and economic impact. The geographic distribution of mosquito species and their seasonal activity is determined in large part by temperature and rainfall. Predictive models can be useful tools in providing early warning systems for epidemics of RRV and BFV infection. Various models have been developed to predict RRV outbreaks, but these appear to be mostly only regionally valid, being dependent on local ecological factors. Difficulties have arisen in developing useful models for the tropical northern parts of Australia, and to date no models have been developed for the Northern Territory. Only one model has been developed for predicting BFV infections using climate and tide variables. It is predicted that the exacerbation of current greenhouse conditions will result in longer periods of high mosquito activity in the tropical regions where RRV and BFV are already common. In addition, the endemic locations may expand further within temperate regions, and epidemics may become more frequent in those areas. Further development of predictive models should benefit public health planning by providing early warning systems of RRV and BFV infection outbreaks in different geographical locations.

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Section: History Of Epidemic Polyarthritis In the Australasian Regionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus Infections: A Review of History, Ecology, and Predictive Models, with Implications for Tropical Northern Australia

Jacups

Whelan

Currie³

2008

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

143

128

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“…Its vectors in Italy were reviewed by Cancrini et al (2006). ); South America, Southeast Asia (Taiwan) (Lien 1991 (Klapsing et al 2005) Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a virus transmitted by Culex spp. and often associated with pigs close to human habitation.…”

Section: Filariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

Dale

Knight

2008

Wetlands Ecol Manage

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This review brings together information on mosquitoes, the diseases they transmit and the wetlands that provide habitats for the immature stages (eggs and larvae). Wetland values are mentioned, though the main literature on this does not generally overlap the mosquito issue. Mosquito management is overviewed to include: the use of larvicides, source reduction in intertidal wetlands and management in freshwater systems. There is not a great deal of information on mosquitoes and freshwater systems, except for constructed wetlands and they are considered separately. We then consider restoration mainly in the context of wetlands that have been the subject of habitat modification for mosquito control. Land use and climate change, as they affect mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, are also reviewed, as this will affect wetlands via management activities. Finally the review addresses the critical issue of balancing health, both human and environmental, in an adaptive framework. It concludes that there is a need to ensure that both mosquito and wetland management communicate and integrate to sustain wetland and human health.

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“…It caused an epidemic in the South Pacific in the 1970s, with more than 60 000 infected patients. RRV subsequently re‐emerged in Fiji in 2003, after the 1979–1980 outbreak …”

Section: Manifestations Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection

Chan

2017

Immunology

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SummaryAlphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from milder symptoms like rashes, fever and polyarthralgia, to life-threatening encephalitis. This genus of viruses is prevalent globally, and can infect patients across a wide age range. Interestingly, disease severity of virus-infected patients is wideranging. Definitions of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses, as well as the host factors influencing disease severity, remain limited. The innate and adaptive immune systems are important host defences against alphavirus infections. Several reports have highlighted the roles of specific immune subsets in contributing to the immune pathogenesis of these viruses. However, immunosenescence, a gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by the natural advancement of age, affects the functional roles of these immune subsets. This phenomenon compromises the host's ability to defend against alphavirus infection and pathogenesis. In addition, the lack of maturity in the immune system in newborns and infants also results in more severe disease outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the subtle yet diverse physiological changes in the immune system during aging, and how these changes underlie the differences in disease severity for common alphaviruses.

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Ross River Virus Disease Reemergence, Fiji, 2003–2004

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus Infections: A Review of History, Ecology, and Predictive Models, with Implications for Tropical Northern Australia

Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus Infections: A Review of History, Ecology, and Predictive Models, with Implications for Tropical Northern Australia

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection

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