“…Rotary forging is a special technology for the plastic working of a wide variety of mechanical components such as disks, rings, flanges, and gears. 1 − 3 It has many advantages over the conventional technologies, such as requiring lower load, being shockless and noiseless, and affording better working conditions. 4 , 5 A lot of studies on the rotary forging process have been carried out, such as the mechanism of material flow, 6 , 7 the influence of key process parameters on cold rotary forging, 8 , 9 and mushroom shape formation mechanism of the workpiece during rotary forging.…”