Rotary friction welded C45 to 16NiCr6 steel rods: statistical optimization coupled to mechanical and microstructure approaches

Abstract

This work represents the production of dissimilar friction welded joints between C45 carbon steel and nickel-chromium alloy steel 16NiCr6. Central Composite Response Surface (RSM) methodology, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) and bending test were performed for this study. Physicochemical characterization was used to reveal the welded joint microstructures. The bending test was done in order to measure the ultimate bending strength (UBS). As a conclusion, regarding the optimization of the parameters, friction time and the rotation speed were the most effective parameters on the joint strength. These parameters revealed that the maximum bending strength of 1406.892 MPa can be obtained at a rotational speed of 2000 rpm, a friction pressure of 24.77 MPa and a friction time of 13 seconds. On the weld samples it was also noted that the particle size decreases signi cantly as the units of the parameters increase, which led to note that the optimization of these parameters converges towards an average particle size, where were found a good accommodation between hardness and young's modulus.

Tribological properties of graphene oxide and polyethylene glycol composites under dry friction and oil lubrication conditions

“…According to the literature, the emergence of peak D is due to the fact that the lattice is far away from the center of Brillouin region, indicating that oxygen‐containing groups such as carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and epoxy group exist in GO. The G peak is the main spectral feature of graphene‐like materials, which is generated by the movement of carbon atoms in a flat surface 21,22 . At the same time, we can observe that GO and PEG peaks appear simultaneously in the Raman spectrum of GO‐PEG materials, which can also prove that GO and PEG have been completely hybridized and mixed together.…”

“…The G peak is the main spectral feature of graphenelike materials, which is generated by the movement of carbon atoms in a flat surface. 21,22 At the same time, we can observe that GO and PEG peaks appear simultaneously in the Raman spectrum of GO-PEG materials, which can also prove that GO and PEG have been completely hybridized and mixed together.…”

Mechanical Performance and Microstructural Evolution of Rotary Friction Welding of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polycarbonate Rods

“…In particular, the RFW of polymer rods can be applied for joining the fluid me- According to the research results, the remarkable findings provide potential industrial values in the polymer-welding industry, since the RFW of dissimilar polymer rods is a green manufacturing method based on four sustainable development goals, i.e., SDG S 7, 8, 9, and 12 [33][34][35][36][37]. In particular, the RFW of polymer rods can be applied for joining the fluid mechanical components, automotive components, axle shafts, or aerospace components [38,39]. In this study, a conventional turning machine was used to carry out the RFW of polymer rods.…”

Fatigue Behavior of Rotary Friction Welding of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polycarbonate Dissimilar Materials

“…As a result, RFW meets the sustainable development goal 12 [ 38 ]. RFW is a practical method in various industries [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. However, a lathe was used for the RFW in the current work.…”