Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain

Stein, Richard A.; Chirilă, Magdalena

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(252 reference statements)

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“…Poor hygienic behaviors observed in the present study are consistent with previous studies [ 43 , 51 ]. In these kinds of condition, it is easy for pathogens to be transferred from meat handlers, knives, flies, dust, and tables [ 35 , 52 – 54 ]. Staphylococcus aureus as a potential pathogen may adversely affect animal and human health by causing abscesses, endocarditis, severe necrotic lesions, and bacteremia [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa

Jaja

Iwu

Chigor

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Background. Foodborne diseases (FBD) caused by resistant pathogens are a global public health problem. One main driver of the increasing FBD incidence is the transfer of pathogenic organisms from animal guts to carcasses during processing and subsequent transfer from meat products to consumers. Methods. In this study, meat samples from abattoirs in the formal meat sector (FMS) (n=140) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (IMS) (n=104) were collected for microbial detection and phenotypic AMR determination using polymerase chain reaction. Results. The antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed that resistance to clindamycin (74.3%) and ampicillin (59.5%) was highest in the FMS, while resistance to penicillin (83.8%) and tetracycline (82.1%) was highest in the IMS. Escherichia coli isolates show significant resistance to chloramphenicol (90.7%) and tetracycline (82.3%) in the FMS. Likewise, resistance to tetracycline (92.3%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (87.5%) was highest in the IMS. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for S. aureus and E. coli ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 to 0.5, respectively. Conclusion. This study suggests high-level contamination of meat with resistant pathogens and highlights the public health consequences associated with consuming such unhygienic products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa

Jaja

Iwu

Chigor

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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“…This practice removes potential pathogens from the eggshell surface and protects consumers from undue risk [12]. Nonetheless, bacterial pathogens continue to be introduced into the food chain from contaminated eggs [16]. Globally, it is estimated that over 80.3 million illnesses occur due to foodborne Salmonella infection, with contaminated poultry being the largest contributor to salmonellosis [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Kulshreshtha

Benavides-Reyes

Rodríguez‐Navarro

et al. 2021

Foods

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The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today’s consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety.

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“…lineages can be disseminated inter-and intra-nationally via the food supply chain. The movement of commodities (e.g., foods, animals, animal products, agricultural products, consumer products) through inter-and intra-national trade can contribute to the global, regional, and local dissemination of microorganisms, including pathogens (44)(45)(46)(47)(48). The international agrofood trade specifically plays an increasingly pivotal role in providing food supplies to communities around the globe but can contribute to the dissemination of foodborne pathogens (47,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic surveillance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains isolated from meat and poultry products in South Africa enables inter- and intra-national surveillance and source tracking

Carroll¹,

Pierneef

Mathole

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex, also known as the B. cereus group, vary in their ability to cause illness, but are frequently isolated from foods, including meat products; however, food safety surveillance efforts that employ whole-genome sequencing (WGS) often neglect these potential pathogens. Here, WGS was used to characterize B. cereus s.l. strains (n = 25) isolated during surveillance of meat products in South Africa. Strains were collected from beef, poultry, and mixed meat products obtained from (i) retail outlets, processing plants, and butcheries across six South African provinces (n = 15, 7, and 1, respectively), and (ii) imports in cold stores (n = 2). Strains were assigned to panC Groups IV, III, II, and V (n = 18, 5, 1, and 1, respectively) and spanned multiple genomospecies, regardless of the taxonomy used. All strains possessed diarrheal toxin-encoding genes, while one strain possessed cereulide (emetic) synthetase-encoding genes. No strains harbored anthrax toxin- or capsule-encoding genes, including two strains assigned to the Genome Taxonomy Database's (GTDB) B. anthracis genomospecies. The 25 strains were partitioned into 15 lineages via in silico seven-gene multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), six of which contained multiple strains sequenced in this study, which were identical or nearly identical at the whole-genome scale. Five MLST lineages contained (nearly) identical genomes collected from two or three South African provinces; one MLST lineage contained identical genomes from two countries (South Africa and the Netherlands), indicating that B. cereus s.l. can spread intra- and inter-nationally via foodstuffs. Importance Nation-wide foodborne pathogen surveillance programs that employ high-resolution genomic methods have been shown to provide vast public health and economic benefits. However, B. cereus s.l. are often overlooked during large-scale, routine WGS efforts. Thus, to our knowledge, no studies to date have evaluated the potential utility of WGS for B. cereus s.l. surveillance and source tracking in foodstuffs. In this proof-of-concept study, we applied WGS to B. cereus s.l. strains collected via South Africa's national surveillance program of domestic and imported meat products, and we provide strong evidence that B. cereus s.l. can be transmitted intra- and inter-nationally via the agro-food supply chain. Our results showcase that WGS can be used for source tracking of B. cereus s.l. in foods, although future WGS and isolate metadata collection efforts are needed to ensure that B. cereus s.l. surveillance initiatives are on par with those of other foodborne pathogens.

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Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain

Cited by 21 publications

References 238 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Meat in the Formal and Informal Sectors in South Africa

Impact of Different Layer Housing Systems on Eggshell Cuticle Quality and Salmonella Adherence in Table Eggs

Genomic surveillance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato strains isolated from meat and poultry products in South Africa enables inter- and intra-national surveillance and source tracking

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