“…Bias, at its heart, stems from a lack of female and minority representation in urban planning, city government, and community design-especially in leadership and decision-making roles (Enarson and Morrow 1998a). This lack of representation creates a blind spot for urban design professionals, and it hinders cities' ability to respond to and benefit from women's and minority's perspectives, wisdom, and insights, which are too often absent from public discussion (Greed 2007;Sham et al 2013;Women 2017;Women in Cities International 2010). As an example of that blind spot, a survey of 624 planners in the USA found that just 2% of comprehensive plans addressed women's needs specifically, and only 7% of respondents agreed with the statement "developers are responsive to the special needs of women" (Micklow et al 2015).…”