Routing in ad hoc networks: a case for long hops

Haenggi, Martin; Puccinelli, Daniele

doi:10.1109/mcom.2005.1522131

Cited by 184 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…The tradeoff between long-distance direct transmission and multi-hop relaying, both in terms of energy efficiency and network capacity, is now well understood in conventional wireless networks [3,4]. This tradeoff in CR systems is, however, much more complex.…”

Section: A Power Control In Cognitive Radio Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power control in cognitive radio networks: how to cross a multi-lane highway

Ren

Zhao

Swami

2009

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

105

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We consider power control in cognitive radio networks where secondary users identify and exploit instantaneous and local spectrum opportunities without causing unacceptable interference to primary users. We qualitatively characterize the impact of the transmission power of secondary users on the occurrence of spectrum opportunities and the reliability of opportunity detection. Based on a Poisson model of the primary network, we quantify these impacts by showing that (i) the probability of spectrum opportunity decreases exponentially with respect to the transmission power of secondary users, where the exponential decay constant is given by the traffic load of primary users; (ii) reliable opportunity detection is achieved in the two extreme regimes in terms of the ratio between the transmission power of secondary users and that of primary users. Such analytical characterizations allow us to study power control for optimal transport throughput under constraints on the interference to primary users. Furthermore, we reveal the difference between detecting primary signals and detecting spectrum opportunities, and demonstrate the complex relationship between physical layer spectrum sensing and MAC layer throughput. The dependency of this PHY-MAC interaction on the application type and the use of handshake signaling such as RTS/CTS is illustrated.

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Section: A Power Control In Cognitive Radio Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power control in cognitive radio networks: how to cross a multi-lane highway

Ren

Zhao

Swami

2009

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

105

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“…Moreover, cross-layer optimized power control has been widely exploited [4][5][6][7][8] for maintaining the required target-integrity at a low power in realistic propagation environments. A physical-layer-oriented routing protocol supported by sophisticated power control was proposed in [4] for a Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and shadow faded scenario, where the estimated end-to-end BER of a multi-hop path was used as the route selection metric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and the Decode-and-Forward (DF) schemes was proposed in [5] for reducing both the energy consumption as well as the delay of the system. As a further design dilemma, the influence of the 'small number of long hops' versus the 'many short hops' philosophy on the energy consumption was studied in [6][7][8]. It was indicated in [6] that the 'small number of long hops' routing scheme was better than the 'many short hops' routing scheme provided that near-capacity coding strategies combined with a relatively short block length were employed, because a substantial SNR loss was exhibited by the 'many short hops' based routing scheme.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a further design dilemma, the influence of the 'small number of long hops' versus the 'many short hops' philosophy on the energy consumption was studied in [6][7][8]. It was indicated in [6] that the 'small number of long hops' routing scheme was better than the 'many short hops' routing scheme provided that near-capacity coding strategies combined with a relatively short block length were employed, because a substantial SNR loss was exhibited by the 'many short hops' based routing scheme. Moreover, it was demonstrated in [7] that 'many short hops' perform well in energylimited scenarios relying on spatial reuse, even in the absence of interference cancellation, while using a 'small number of long hops' is more suitable for bandwidth-limited scenarios.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Energy-efficient relay aided ad hoc networks using iteratively detected irregular convolutional coded, unity-rate coded and Space-Time Trellis Coded transceivers

Zuo

Nguyen

et al. 2011

2011 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference

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Abstract-The nodes of ad hoc networks are typically batterypowered, hence requiring the employment of energy-efficient schemes. Near-capacity coding schemes allow a single link to communicate using the lowest possible transmit power, while achieving a low Frame Error Ratio (FER). With the same motivation of conserving battery energy, numerous power-aware routing algorithms have been proposed for improving the overall multiuser network's energy-efficiency instead of improving a single link. Taking both these design factors into consideration, we employ Multi-Antenna aided Relays (MA-Rs) in the context of ad hoc networks, which use a three-stage concatenated transceiver constituted by an Irregular Convolutional Code, Unity-Rate Code and Space-Time Trellis Code (IrCC-URC-STTC) equipped with two antennas. All other mobiles are single-antenna assisted nodes and refrain from relaying, hence they dispense with STTC schemes and use a two-stage concatenated IrCC-URC coding scheme. It is confirmed that as expected, in a high-node-density scenario the average energy consumption per information bit and per node becomes about a factor two lower than that in the equivalent Single-Antenna Relay (SA-R) aided networks. I. INTRODUCTIONEnergy-efficient wireless network design has recently attracted wide-spread research attention. Diverse error-resilient Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes were proposed in [1] for achieving a low Bit Error Ratio (BER) at near-capacity Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) values. Therefore, the effective transmission range can be improved, when the required received signal power is reduced. A novel Distributed Concatenated Irregular Convolutional Coded, Unity-Rate Coded and Space-Time Trellis Coded (DC-IrCC-URC-STTC) scheme has been proposed for cooperative communications in [2]. Several Single-Antenna Relays (SA-Rs) were activated between the source and the destination. The relays roaming closest to their optimal locations were activated based on a novel technique relying on Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts in conjunction with near-capacity code design principles.Numerous power-aware routing protocols were proposed in [3] for improving the energy efficiency from a multiuser networking perspective. Moreover, cross-layer optimized power control has been widely exploited [4][5][6][7][8] for maintaining the required target-integrity at a low power in realistic propagation environments. A physical-layer-oriented routing protocol supported by sophisticated power control was proposed in [4] for a Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and shadow faded scenario, where the estimated end-to-end BER of a multi-hop path was used as the route selection metric. Furthermore, an adaptive relaying strategy switching between the Amplify-and-Forward (AF)

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“…It is shown in [4] that for a block fading channel multihop routing does not offer any energy benefits for α=2. Routing over fewer (but longer) hops carries indeed many advantages [5]; from our point of view, the most interesting are the reduction of energy consumption at the sensing nodes, the achievement of a better energy balancing, the more aggressive exploitation of sleep modi, and the lack of route maintenance overhead. If the sensing nodes only occasionally need to act as relays, they can sleep longer and only consume energy to make their own data available.…”

Section: A Routing Scheme With Energy-balancing Guaranteesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Layer Approach to Energy Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Puccinelli

Sifakis

Haenggi

Lecture Notes in Control and Information Science

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Summary. We consider a many-to-one real-time sensor network where sensing nodes are to deliver their measurements to a base station under a time constraint and with the overall target of minimizing the energy consumption at the sensing nodes. In wireless sensor networks, the unreliability of the links and the limitations of all resources bring considerable complications to routing. Even in the presence of static nodes, the channel conditions vary because of multipath fading effects due to the motion of people or objects in the environment, which modify the patterns of radio wave reflections. Also, sensing nodes are typically battery-powered, and ongoing maintenance may not be possible: the progressive reduction of the available energy needs to be factored in.The quality of the links and the remaining energy in the nodes are the primary factors that shape the network graph; link quality may be measured directly by most radios, whereas residual energy is related to the node battery voltage, which may be measured and fed into the microcontroller. These quantities may be used to form a cost function for the selection of the most efficient route. Moreover, the presence of a time constraint requires the network to favor routes over a short number of hops (a.k.a. the long-hop approach, in the sense that a small number of long hops is used) in order to minimize delay. Hop number information may be incorporated into the cost function to bias route selection toward minimum-delay routes. Thus, a crosslayer cost function is obtained, which includes raw hardware information (remaining energy), physical layer data (channel quality), and a routing layer metric (number of hops).A route selection scheme based on these principles intrinsically performs node energy control for the extension of the lifetime of the individual nodes and for the achievement of energy balancing in the network; intuitively, the long-hop approach permits the time-sharing of the critical area among more nodes. A novel, practical algorithm based on these principles is proposed with the constraints of the currently available hardware platforms in mind. Its benefits are investigated with the help of computer simulation and are illustrated with an actual hardware implementation

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Routing in ad hoc networks: a case for long hops

Cited by 184 publications

References 10 publications

Power control in cognitive radio networks: how to cross a multi-lane highway

Power control in cognitive radio networks: how to cross a multi-lane highway

Energy-efficient relay aided ad hoc networks using iteratively detected irregular convolutional coded, unity-rate coded and Space-Time Trellis Coded transceivers

A Cross-Layer Approach to Energy Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks

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