Routing in FRET-Based Nanonetworks

Kułakowski, Paweł; Solarczyk, Kamil; Wójcik, Krzysztof

doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1600760

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…FRET has proved to have very small signal propagation delays, on the order of nanoseconds, and a throughput of several Mbit/s [4], and, therefore, it is very suitable for future networks of nanomachines when cooperating and exchanging information between each other. Recently, routing techniques for FRET-based nanonetworks have also been proposed [5]. The FRET phenomenon between a single donor and a single acceptor is not very efficient, as its efficiency decreases with the sixth power of the donor-acceptor distance r [17]:…”

Section: Fret Phenomenon For Nanocommunicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main contribution of the paper is solving two issues that, until now, were not solved for FRETbased communications [5]. The first issue is concerned with FRET signal storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), a phenomenon characterized by very small propagation delays and a good throughput, has already been proposed for nanocommunications [1] and has been proved to be an efficient mechanism for transferring data at nanodistances [2][3][4]. Research on FRET for nanocommunication purposes and its integration with other elements on nanoworld is though at an early stage.The main contribution of the paper is solving two issues that, until now, were not solved for FRETbased communications [5]. The first issue is concerned with FRET signal storage.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Kmiecik

Wójcik

Kułakowski

et al. 2019

Nano Communication Networks

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The paper is concerned with Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) considered as a mechanism for communication between nanodevices. Two solved issues are reported in the paper, namely: signal generation and signal storage in FRET-based nanonetworks. First, luciferase molecules as FRET transmitters which are able to generate FRET signals themselves, taking energy from chemical reactions without any external light exposure, are proposed. Second, channelrhodopsins as FRET receivers, as they can convert FRET signals into voltage, are suggested. Further, medical in-body systems where both molecule types might be successfully applied, are discussed. Luciferasechannelrhodopsin communication is modeled and its performance is numerically validated, reporting on its throughput, bit error rate, propagation delay and energy consumption. IntroductionWith the current rapid development of technology, electronic and mechanical devices can be much smaller than even a decade ago, at the same time gaining new operating functionalities. However, when the device scale goes to the size of single molecules, cooperation between such devices and contacting them from outside their networks become quite challenging issues. Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), a phenomenon characterized by very small propagation delays and a good throughput, has already been proposed for nanocommunications [1] and has been proved to be an efficient mechanism for transferring data at nanodistances [2][3][4]. Research on FRET for nanocommunication purposes and its integration with other elements on nanoworld is though at an early stage.The main contribution of the paper is solving two issues that, until now, were not solved for FRETbased communications [5]. The first issue is concerned with FRET signal storage. A molecule receiving a FRET signal cannot hold it and the signal must quickly be released, usually emitting a photon. Here, we propose to use channelrhodopsins which are molecules that can be used as nanoconverters, changing FRET signals into a voltage which can be detected by other devices. The second issue concerns FRET signal generation. In FRET nanocommunication experiments so far, a FRET transmission was initiated by an external laser source, which is rather troublesome inside a human body. Instead, we propose bioluminescent luciferase molecules as FRET transmitters, which are able to generate FRET signals themselves, taking energy from chemical reactions. We further discuss medical in-body systems where such FRET-based communication between luciferases and channelrhodopsins might be applied. We consider a system of small vesicles, liposomes, circulating through human vascular system and collecting data about body condition. The data gathered by liposomes are delivered to a detector placed in a human vein. Data transmission is realized by a luciferase-channelrhodopsin FRET interface. We model layers of luciferase and channelrhodopsin molecules based on their molecular structures and then we use their spectral characteristics to assess the e...

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Section: Fret Phenomenon For Nanocommunicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main contribution of the paper is solving two issues that, until now, were not solved for FRETbased communications [5]. The first issue is concerned with FRET signal storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Kmiecik

Wójcik

Kułakowski

et al. 2019

Nano Communication Networks

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“…A MIMO approach based on FRET has been proposed in [25]. The same authors have proposed five different routing schemes based on FRET in [26], and they analyzed some open issues related to the specific features of FRET. We believe that some of these issues could be overcome by a PAET-based approach.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Molecular Optical Channel Model Based on Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer Phenomenon

Loscrì

Unluturk

Vegni

2018

IEEE Trans. Commun.

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Recent progress in the field of nanotechnology is enabling communication between nanodevices to be considered also for in-vivo applications. In particular, nanodevices enabling light-controlled process have started to attract a lot of interest in the research community, due to potential applications like healthcare wearable devices, intra-body applications and optogenetics, whose main objective is to stimulate neurons by the means of the light signals.Leveraging on these premises, we consider upconversion phenomenon, namely the ability of specific nanoparticles to convert low energy radiations (e.g., near-infrared radiations) into higher energy radiation (e.g., visible light) via a non-linear process. Energy transfer as viable communication mean has been already considered based on Förster-Resonance-Energy Transfer. In this paper, we focus on Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer, and we analyze the requirements and conditions for generating optical signals from a genuine signal processing point of view. More specifically, based on information theory approach, we derive the conditions to minimize the error probability. We show that the dopant concentration (i.e., concentration of elements drugging a pure material in order to change its features) mostly influences the correct generation of the light signal. The performed analysis is based on experimental results taken from [1], [2].

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“…As the size of nano-devices can be scaled down to a few cubic micrometers [12], the integration of a communication module inside each nano-device is a challenging issue that has been thoroughly addressed in different works in the literature [14]- [19]. All these studies point to the miniaturization of the antenna embedded into each nano-device, which requires the use of THz frequencies to communicate, leading to the standardization of the THz band (0.1-10 THz) as the working frequency spectrum for EM nano-communications [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Applicability of Terahertz Flow-Guided Nano-Networks for Medical Applications

et al. 2020

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Terahertz-based nano-networks are emerging as a groundbreaking technology able to play a decisive role in future medical applications owing to their ability to precisely quantify figures, such as the viral load in a patient or to predict sepsis shock or heart attacks before they occur. Due to the extremely limited size of the devices composing these nano-networks, the use of the Terahertz (THz) band has emerged as the enabling technology for their communication. However, the characteristics of the THz band, which strictly reduce the communication range inside the human body, together with the energy limitations of nano-nodes make the in-body deployment of nano-nodes a challenging task. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel in-body flow-guided nano-network architecture consisting of three different devices: i) nano-node, ii) nano-router, and iii) bio-sensor. As the performance of this type of nano-network has not been previously explored, a theoretical framework capturing all its particularities is derived to properly model its behavior and evaluate its feasibility in real medical applications. Employing this analytical model, a thorough sensitivity study of its key parameters is accomplished. Finally, we analyze the terahertz flowguided nano-network design to satisfy the requirements of several medical applications of interest.INDEX TERMS flow-guided nano-networks, body area networks, analytical model, nano-communications

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Routing in FRET-Based Nanonetworks

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

A Molecular Optical Channel Model Based on Phonon-Assisted Energy Transfer Phenomenon

Understanding the Applicability of Terahertz Flow-Guided Nano-Networks for Medical Applications

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