Row Spacing and Fertilization Influences on Forage and Seed Yields of Intermediate Wheatgrass, Russian Wildrye, and Green Needlegrass on Dryland<sup>1</sup>

Black, A. L.; Reitz, L. L.

doi:10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100050045x

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Longer growing seasons can be beneficial to capture more resources, but may not translate into grain yield in a sward (Egli, 2011). Increased resource use may enable increased yield, as it has in maize (Fischer and Edmeades, 2010), but in situations where water is limiting, resource conservation may be more important (Black and Reitz, 1969).…”

Section: Trade‐offsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

DeHaan

Tassel

2014

American J of Botany

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Perennial grain crops have been proposed as an elegant solution to numerous problems confronted in modern agriculture. Perennial grains are expected to increase water quality, reduce soil erosion, increase soil carbon, and improve habitat for wildlife ( Cox et al., 2006 ). Furthermore, perennials are predicted to be more resilient to abiotic stress resulting from climate change ( Cox et al., 2006 ). Initiating and expanding perennial grain breeding programs has been proposed as a strategy to address the looming challenges of land degradation, food security, energy supply, and climate change ( Glover et al., 2010 ).Strategies proposed for developing a wide array of new perennial grain crops ( Wagoner and Schaeffer, 1990 ;Cox et al., 2002 ) typically are separated into two groups: wide hybridization and de novo domestication. In de novo domestication, repeated cycles of selection are performed out of a wild perennial population to achieve a high-yielding domestic type. In wide hybridization, an existing grain crop is crossed with a wild perennial relative, and then either the hybrid population is improved, or repeated rounds of backcrossing are performed to introgress genes for perennial growth until the phenotype in other ways resembles the annual crop parent. Here, we will not address the array of genetic effects that are derived from wide hybridizations, but will rather focus our attention on the mechanisms specifi c to early stages of selection from wild populations.The breeding strategies required for selecting out of wild material vs. improving yield of domesticated species are sure to differ. Whereas the fi rst stages of domestication in cereal crops involve dramatic changes that facilitate uniform planting and effi cient harvesting, crop improvement (of existing domestic species) involves improvements in yield and palatability or diversifi cation based on regional adaptation or harvested product qualities ( Olsen and Wendel, 2013 ). Although the early steps toward domestication will include yield gains, the primary objective is to transform the phenotype in ways that make a plant useful to meet human food needs. Subsequent crop improvement is associated with relatively modest incremental morphological changes.Since few grain species have been recently domesticated ( Meyer et al., 2012 ), most plant breeding theory and practice is based on improvement of previously domesticated species. With over a decade of experience domesticating new grain crops (described by Cox et al., 2010 ), we have been searching for genetic insights that are specifi c to taking wild species through the early stages of domestication. We have found strategies for the wholesale remodeling of plants (as is required to develop perennial grains) to be rare in the plant breeding literature. Therefore, we have turned to fi ndings in other fi elds to develop more complete and effi cient strategies for our own programs and, we hope, for the benefi t of colleagues considering the domestication of other wild species.Here we review literature i...

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Section: Trade‐offsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

DeHaan

Tassel

2014

American J of Botany

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“…Seed yields of forage crops have been markedly affected by row spacing, which is believed to influence soil moisture use efficiency and nutrient status (Austenson and Peabody 1964;Black and Reitz 1969;Buglass 1964). Wider row spacing resulted in increased moisture use efficiency, particularly in dry years.…”

Section: Forage Yield Response To N and P Fertilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan

Loeppky¹,

Horton²,

Bittman³

et al. 1999

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 79: 265-271. There is no information on the effect, in northeastern Saskatchewan, of N and P fertilizers on forage seed production as influenced by these nutrients in the soil. Therefore, experiments were conducted at eight sites from 1988 to 1991 to determine the effect of N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients on seed yields of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium [Host.] Beauv.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) was applied on grasses annually at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha -1 in factorial combination with 0, 9 and 18 kg P ha -1 (monoammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate) and on alfalfa at 0 and 50 kg N ha -1 in combination with 0, 9, 18, 26 and 53 kg P ha -1 . Nitrogen significantly increased forage seed yields of all species except alfalfa. Phosphorus increased yields of forage seed for all crops except intermediate wheatgrass. The site, N, P and year and their interactions influenced seed yields. Seed yields ranged from a low of 0.29 t ha -1 for smooth bromegrass in 1990, a dry year, to a high of 1.24 t ha -1 in 1989 a cool, moist year. The yield response to N and P fertilizers was affected by available soil N and P. Relative to control, the percentage increase in grass seed yield from applied N and P fertilizers was highly related to the available soil N and P (R 2 = 0.93). The estimated smooth bromegrass seed yield response to 50N-9P kg ha -1 was 0.54 t ha -1 when the soil had intermediate amounts of available N and P (2 mg N ha -1 and 8 mg P ha -1 , 0-to 60-cm and 0-to 15-cm depths, respectively). On a soil that tested high in available N and P, there was no response to fertilizer. Regression equations were developed that can be used to estimate forage seed yield response of different species in relation to available soil nutrients. These results are useful for estimating the most economical return on fertilizer investment for forage seed production in Saskatchewan.Key words: Forage, seed, N, P, fertilizer, soil tests, correlation Loeppky, H. A., Horton, P. R., Bittman, S., Townley-Smith, L., Wright, T. et Nuttall, W. F. 1999. Effets de la fumure N et P et de la biodisponibilité de ces éléments dans le sol sur le rendement de semences fourragères dans le nord-est de la Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sc. 79: 265-271. Dans le nord-est de la Saskatchewan, on ne dispose d'aucune information sur l'effet de la fumure N et P sur la production de semences fourragères en fonction des quantités disponibles de ces éléments dans le sol. Des expériences ont été conduites de 1988 à 1991 à 8 emplacements pour déterminer l'effet des engrais N et P, ainsi que des disponibilités de ces éléments dans le sol, sur le rendement semencier de la luzerne (Medicago media Pers.), du brome inerme (Bromus inermis Leyss.), de l'agropyre à crête (Agropyron crista...

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“…Introduced species respond well to fertilization. In eastern Montana, applications of 20, 40, and 60 lb N/acre/year increased forage yields of intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) from 2,000 to 2,500, 3,100, and 3,250 lb/acre/year, respectively, and Russian wildrye (EZymus junceus) yields from 2,000 to 2,900, 3,100, and 3,500 lb/acre/year, respectively, over a 5-year period (Black and Reitz, 1969). Crested wheatgrass fertilized with 0, 40, and 80 lb N/acre/year produced an average hay crop of 1,680,3,040, and 3,260 lb/acre/year, respectively, over a 1 O-year period (Rogler and Lorenz, 1969).…”

Section: Forage Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Range Fertilization in the Northern Great Plains

Wight¹

1976

Journal of Range Management

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Highlight: Nutrient deficiency, primarily nitrogen (N), is a major plant growth-limiting factor on northern Great Plains rangelands. Applications of 30 to 50 lb N/acre/year have commonly doubled forage production with an N-use efficiency of about 20 lb dry matter/lb N applied, or in grazing situations about 1 lb beef/lb N applied. Range fertilization can also increase water-use 'efficiency and improve forage quality and palatability. With applications of 50 lb N/acre/year or less, changes in species composition are gradual and can largely be controlled by timing of fertilizer applications and by season and intensity of grazing. Drastic changes in species composition are usually limited to applications greater than 15 0 lb N/acre/year. The northern Great Plains as described by Lodge (1970) covers approximately 400,000 square miles. Its general boundaries are the Rocky Mountains from the Wyoming-Colorado border north to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, thence southeast to the intersection of the 98th meridian and the U.S.-Canadian border, thence south along the 98th meridian to the 41st parallel, and thence west to the Rocky Mountains. Native range accounts for approximately 70% of the land area and is primarily of the mixed prairie types with some tall grass prairie on the eastern extreme and some short grass prairie on the southwestern extreme. The Chestnut, Brown, and Dark Brown soils comprise the major soil groups within the area. The northern Great Plains has a climate which is generally considered harsh and extreme. Precipitation is irregular and often in short supply. In the east, annual precipitation averages more than 20 inches and in the north and west, as little as 10 inches per year. Among-year variation is even greater, particularly the seasonal precipitation, which often varies 100% or more. However, precipitation patterns within the northern Great Plains affect the vegetation more than does the total amount. About three-fourths of the annual precipitation occurs during the 6-month growing season (April through September) and about half during May, June, and July. Average growing season of the northern Great Plains decreases from 160 to 116 days going from south to north. Livestock production is a major segment of the economy in the northern Great Plains. Lodge (1970) estimated that this area supports some 12 million animal units of beef cattle and sheep. However, increasing demands for wheat and other cultivated crop products have resulted in the conversion of large acreages of range to crop land. Thus, to meet the The author is range scientist,

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Row Spacing and Fertilization Influences on Forage and Seed Yields of Intermediate Wheatgrass, Russian Wildrye, and Green Needlegrass on Dryland¹

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan

Range Fertilization in the Northern Great Plains

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Row Spacing and Fertilization Influences on Forage and Seed Yields of Intermediate Wheatgrass, Russian Wildrye, and Green Needlegrass on Dryland1

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops1

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops1

Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan

Range Fertilization in the Northern Great Plains

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Row Spacing and Fertilization Influences on Forage and Seed Yields of Intermediate Wheatgrass, Russian Wildrye, and Green Needlegrass on Dryland¹

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹