Rubbing out gender: women and merchant ships

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how gender differences are rubbed out and simultaneously reinforced in intentional and unintentional ways. It will do this by exploring the experiences of female cadets/seafarers. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is drawn from two independent PhD theses, where one of the theses conducted ethnographic fieldwork aboard a container ship in 2009. The other thesis used a case study research design of cadetship programmes in the Philippines using structured interviews, observations with the aid of fieldnotes and documentary analysis of records from seven maritime schools and cadetship programmes of ship-owners. Findings – This paper reveals that the merchant vessel remains to be a “man’s world” where female seafarers are marginalised. It also shows that the maritime colleges in the Philippines deploy training practices that reproduce the gender biases against women participation to seafaring because the socialisation of cadets are fraught with the values and symbols of a hegemonic masculinity intent to silence other genders. On board ships, similar contradictory rubbing out and reproducing of gender differentials are observed. This shows how controlling gender is difficult. Research limitations/implications – Observations conducted are limited to one shipboard voyage and whether the same manifestation in different types of ships, ship routes and crew mix would emerge require triangulation with other forms of data collection like in-depth interviews with seafarers on board. Practical implications – Ethnographic insights offer valuable insights for novice researchers and those conducting shipboard research. Originality/value – Not much study has been done with respect to the presence of women on board and how they disrupt and play with masculine space. This paper provides empirical evidence and insights on the ambivalence of integrating women in the seafaring profession owing to official and unofficial policies and training that intentionally and unintentionally construct women as unfit to work as sea-based professionals.

‘What is immediate and obvious feels real’: National identity and emotional vulnerabilities in the field

“…In addition, he shared a common gender with the seafarers on board. Female researchers on board ships have written about the challenges they face on board (Acejo and Abila, 2016;Baum-Talmur, 2019;Sampson, 2017;Sampson and Thomas, 2003). As a male researcher, he had not previously experienced similar issues and forms of harassment.…”

“It’s okay even if you are a spy”: issues in researcher positioning within a precarious workplace

“…Another identity I "flaunted" (Mazzei and O'Brien, 2009) was my gender. Some seafarers often associate women with a "caring" role (Acejo and Abila, 2016;Sampson and Thomas, 2003), making them more likely to share their feelings and experiences with a female researcher. Similarly, in some cases in the field, seafarers shared their problems with me, telling me how they missed their families and how they did not get along with their superiors, which enabled a greater understanding of their experiences at work.…”

Gender in the maritime space: how can the experiences of women seafarers working in the UK shipping industry be improved?

“…These figures perpetuate the difficulties of recruiting women into an industry that lacks female role models, especially in higher ranks (Kitada, 2013; Mackenzie, 2015). The industry is often seen as unattractive to women (IMO, 2019) and has been recognised as one in which the lived, workplace experiences of women often fall short of those of their male counterparts and can include prejudice, discrimination and harassment (Sampson, 2013; Thomas et al., 2013; Acejo and Abila, 2016). As Kitada and Langåker (2017) make clear, being part of a minority group can be challenging, both for the individual and for the wider industry.…”