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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how gender differences are rubbed out and simultaneously reinforced in intentional and unintentional ways. It will do this by exploring the experiences of female cadets/seafarers. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is drawn from two independent PhD theses, where one of the theses conducted ethnographic fieldwork aboard a container ship in 2009. The other thesis used a case study research design of cadetship programmes in the Philippines using structured interviews, observations with the aid of fieldnotes and documentary analysis of records from seven maritime schools and cadetship programmes of ship-owners. Findings – This paper reveals that the merchant vessel remains to be a “man’s world” where female seafarers are marginalised. It also shows that the maritime colleges in the Philippines deploy training practices that reproduce the gender biases against women participation to seafaring because the socialisation of cadets are fraught with the values and symbols of a hegemonic masculinity intent to silence other genders. On board ships, similar contradictory rubbing out and reproducing of gender differentials are observed. This shows how controlling gender is difficult. Research limitations/implications – Observations conducted are limited to one shipboard voyage and whether the same manifestation in different types of ships, ship routes and crew mix would emerge require triangulation with other forms of data collection like in-depth interviews with seafarers on board. Practical implications – Ethnographic insights offer valuable insights for novice researchers and those conducting shipboard research. Originality/value – Not much study has been done with respect to the presence of women on board and how they disrupt and play with masculine space. This paper provides empirical evidence and insights on the ambivalence of integrating women in the seafaring profession owing to official and unofficial policies and training that intentionally and unintentionally construct women as unfit to work as sea-based professionals.

This chapter examines how a nation-state and the global maritime industry can be seen promoting seafarers' mental health by integrating mental health to the standards of maritime education. Mental health promotion refers to multi-level strategies that aim to produce positive contributions to mental health such as through formal education for workers operating in highly stressful work environments such as seafarers. Examining studies on mental health of seafarers, evidence shows that promoting mental health of seafarers through education might be needed to help seafarers due to poor mental health outcomes when working as a seafarer. The promotion of mental health through education of seafarers is anchored to the potential of integrating human rights and human rights law to maritime standards. By doing this, this chapter aims to contribute to the promotion of mental health in seafaring as well as to initiatives integrating human rights law to maritime standards.