Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome: global update

Abstract

Worldwide, it is estimated that there are more than 100.000 infants born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) each year. In 1998, standard case definitions for surveillance of CRS and rubella were developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2001, 123 countries/territories reported a total of 836.356 rubella cases. In the future more countries are expected to report on rubella as a global measles/rubella laboratory network is further developed under the coordination of WHO. Operational research is being conducted to improve rubella surveillance. This includes projects on initiating CRS surveillance, comparative studies on diagnostic laboratory methods, and molecular epidemiology research to expand the global understanding of patterns of rubella virus circulation. In 1996 a WHO survey found that 78 od 214 reporting countries/territories (36%) were using rubella vaccine in their routine immunization services. By the en of 2002 a total of 124 of the 214 counties/territories (58%) were using rubella vaccine. Rubella vaccine use varies by stage of economic development: 100% for industrialized countries, 71% for countries with economies in transition, and 48% for developing countries. A safe effective rubella vaccine is available, and there are proven vaccination strategies for preventing rubella and CRS. A WHO position paper provides guidance on programmatic aspects of rubella vaccine introduction. The introduction of rubella vaccine is cost-effective and cost-beneficial but requires ongoing strengthening of routine immunization services and surveillance systems.

Interactions between Rubella Virus Capsid and Host Protein p32 Are Important for Virus Replication

“…Despite the widespread use of an effective vaccine, RV remains the leading cause of congenital defects by an infectious agent worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 cases of CRS occur every year (46).…”

Impact of rubella vaccination strategy on the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome

“…(1) estímulo à vigilância passiva entre profissionais da saúde para a notificação imediata de casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola, (2) (16) 2 (4) 0 (0) 2 (6) > 30 32 (13) 103 (16) 30 (14) 11 (16) 3 (6) 1 (9) (29) 12 (18) 5 (10) 0 (0) 3 (9) Mulheres grávidas 4 (2) 43 (7) 11 (5) 5 (8) 1 (2) …”

Incidencia y patrones de transmisión de rubeola en México

“…1,2 Se ha estimado que cada año se presentan en el mundo 100 000 casos de SRC. 3,4 Entre 1962 y 1965, Estados Unidos sufrió una pandemia de rubeola que ocasionó, en 1964 y 1965, 20 000 nacimientos con SRC y 11 000 muertes fetales, lo que puso de manifi esto la importancia de prevenir este padecimiento. 2,3,5 Aunque la rubeola se consideraba con anterioridad un trastorno "propio de la niñez", algunas encuestas serológicas internacionales muestran una elevada susceptibilidad en mujeres en edad fértil (MEF), 2-4 una situación en particular grave en países que no han introducido la vacunación específi ca o cuyas coberturas de vacunación son insufi cientes; esto favorece la acumulación de sujetos susceptibles y el desplazamiento de la edad promedio de infección a grupos de mayor edad, 6-8 lo cual incrementa la probabilidad de riesgo de presentar el SRC.…”