Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Brazil: Patterns and Evolution

Silva, José Graziano da; Grossi, Mauro Eduardo Del

doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00103-0

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Proximity to urban centres, supported by urban-rural linkages and outside investments, has also been shown to stimulate recreational and tourism activities that further contribute to the diversification of rural economies and a basis for modernisation (Graziano Da Silva and del Grossi, 2001). …”

Section: Agriculture Diversification or Both?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing poverty and inequality in the rural economy from a global perspective

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Agriculture Diversification or Both?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing poverty and inequality in the rural economy from a global perspective

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For a very poor household, the level of diversification is probably unlikely to be high enough to achieve poverty reduction effects in the absence of external welfare and safety nets. This is also because, whilst diversification is occurring in rural areas, working conditions and income are not improving to the extent that will make significant impacts in the well-being of the very poor, as illustrated for Brazil by Graziano da Silva and Del Grossi (2001).…”

Section: Livelihood Options In the Changing Environment: Consensus Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment

Assan

Kumar

2009

J of Intl Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Environmental variability and climate change has become an enormous challenge of our time. Policy approaches to find sustainable strategies and interventions have become more and more important by the day. Whilst it is difficult to predict the current and future impacts of a phenomenon with such diverse impact streams, it is evident that the livelihood options of the poor and marginal societies in the global south are more likely to experience a significant shift. Again, their environment and the availability of the resources they depend on for their sustenance are predicted to be dwindling. This editorial seeks to bring together diverse approaches and experience from some of the different geographical regions in the global south identified to be most likely to be affected by environmental variability and to examine the various policy options that could facilitate the livelihood options of the poor, enhance their adaptation and reduce poverty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

“…Livelihood diversification and agrarian change: A review of recent literature Among scholars of rural societies there is a growing consensus that livelihoods across the globe are becoming more diverse (Barret et al, 2001;Bryceson, 1996Bryceson, , 1999Bryceson et al, 2000;Graziano da Silva and Del Grossi, 2001;Reardon and Escobar, 2001). Within this literature, livelihoods are defined as being made-up of ''income,'' both cash and in kind, as well as the social institutions (e.g., kin, family, compound, village), gender relations, and property rights required to support and to sustain a given standard of living.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diversification of livelihoods is ''the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living'' (Ellis, 1998: 4). Scholars writing about livelihood diversification specifically note a shift away from farming, so that different types of labor, both off-farm and non-farm work, begin to comprise more of a householdÕs time and labor (Barret et al, 2001;Bryceson, 1996Bryceson, , 1999Bryceson et al, 2000;Graziano da Silva and Del Grossi, 2001;Reardon and Escobar, 2001).…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using public statistics, these studies discuss changes in the relative importance of farm income and employment to livelihoods versus non-farm income and employment (Bryceson, 1996;Graziano da Silva and Del Grossi, 2001;Reardon and Escobar, 2001). 5 One recent review from Latin America reported that non-farm incomes account for 40% of total rural incomes in Latin American and the Caribbean, up from 25% in 1986 (Reardon and Escobar, 2001).…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nobody farms here anymore: Livelihood diversification in the Amazonian community of Carvão, a historical perspective

Steward

2007

Agric Hum Values

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past 15 years income sources in the Amazonian community of Carvão have diversified to include government salaries, retirement and welfare benefits, and wages from an evolving informal service sector. These non-farm incomes are now more important to household incomes than the sale of agricultural products. Out of 80 households only three families were found to depend almost entirely on the sale of agricultural goods for cash income. Agriculture is still a part of most familiesÕ livelihoods; however, production today is mainly a subsistence activity. Recent changes in Carvão are consistent with trends of livelihood diversification observed in rural societies across the globe. However, current research reveals that Carvão is different from other case studies in a number of ways. A history of livelihoods illustrates that residents in Carvão have always engaged in a range of activities, including farming, extractive activities, and wage labor. New incomes are the result of new jobs in the public sector and social policies benefiting the rural poor. In contrast to the literature on livelihood diversification, the decentralization of the federal government in Brazil has resulted in greater opportunities for rural income and employment. Consistent with recorded trends, research shows that small farmers in Carvão have down-sized agricultural production. Farmers cite low market prices (the result of vertical integration of local markets) as one cause of this decline. Residents, especially small farmers, interested in diversifying agricultural production are limited by inadequate extension services and credit, and younger residents seek public sector employment. Income diversification has increased livelihoods security; however, future livelihoods will depend on new economic growth. Given the stagnating public sector and a weak industrial sector, production geared toward growing urban markets is a viable means for further income generation in Carvão.

show abstract

Rural Nonfarm Employment and Incomes in Brazil: Patterns and Evolution

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Addressing poverty and inequality in the rural economy from a global perspective

Addressing poverty and inequality in the rural economy from a global perspective

Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment

Nobody farms here anymore: Livelihood diversification in the Amazonian community of Carvão, a historical perspective

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About