1959
DOI: 10.1080/00220671.1959.10882612
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Rural-Urban Differences In Intelligence

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1965
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Cited by 10 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…Since our method of estimating the latter two phenotypes was novel and relied on non-targeted questionnaire responses instead of proper psychometric scales, one goal of our study was to demonstrate the validity of this approach by replicating robust findings about our phenotypes. We successfully replicated previous findings about the relationship between age, sex and chronotype (Duarte et al, 2014;Fischer et al, 2017;Paine et al, 2006;Till Roenneberg et al, 2004;Sl adek et al, 2020;Tonetti et al, 2008), relative longitude and chronotype (Giuntella & Mazzonna, 2019;Sl adek et al, 2020) as well as city population and both chronotype and cognitive ability (Abdellaoui et al, 2019;Alexopoulos, 1997;Bass et al, 2008;Gist & Clark, 1938;Lehmann, 1959;Sl adek et al, 2020;Taji et al, 2019;Teasdale et al, 1988). Notably, we also found a modest positive relationship between cognitive ability and chronotype (β = .05), in line with a previous meta-analysis (Preckel et al, 2011) and a large study (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
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“…Since our method of estimating the latter two phenotypes was novel and relied on non-targeted questionnaire responses instead of proper psychometric scales, one goal of our study was to demonstrate the validity of this approach by replicating robust findings about our phenotypes. We successfully replicated previous findings about the relationship between age, sex and chronotype (Duarte et al, 2014;Fischer et al, 2017;Paine et al, 2006;Till Roenneberg et al, 2004;Sl adek et al, 2020;Tonetti et al, 2008), relative longitude and chronotype (Giuntella & Mazzonna, 2019;Sl adek et al, 2020) as well as city population and both chronotype and cognitive ability (Abdellaoui et al, 2019;Alexopoulos, 1997;Bass et al, 2008;Gist & Clark, 1938;Lehmann, 1959;Sl adek et al, 2020;Taji et al, 2019;Teasdale et al, 1988). Notably, we also found a modest positive relationship between cognitive ability and chronotype (β = .05), in line with a previous meta-analysis (Preckel et al, 2011) and a large study (Kanazawa & Perina, 2009).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Universally, earlier chronotypes in more aged participants are in line with theories that the shift of diurnal rhythms towards the earlier hours of the day is a biological consequence of aging (Juda et al, 2006;Roenneberg et al, 2004). The observation that individuals from larger cities on average tend to have higher cognitive ability is also in line with many previous reports about similar urban-rural IQ differences (Alexopoulos, 1997;Gist & Clark, 1938;Lehmann, 1959;Teasdale et al, 1988). While our cross-sectional design cannot establish causality about the latter effect, we hypothesize that both selective migration (i.e., the migration of individuals with higher potential migrating to larger cities; Abdellaoui et al, 2019) and causal environmental effects (the availability of better education in larger cities; Ritchie & Tucker-Drob, 2018) contribute to this trend.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
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“…While exploring patterns of migration at different points in time could be more informative than comparing childhood with older age, our analyses are in line with other studies which have compared childhood and current environment of residence to explore health and cognitive outcomes later in life (Contador et al, 2015; Fors et al, 2009; Nguyen et al, 2008). Our findings may be interpreted as an association between migration and enhanced cognitive performance, in line with studies (Gist & Clark, 1938; Jokela, 2014; Lehmann, 1959; Tucker-Drob, Briley, & Harden, 2013), which propose that higher cognitive abilities, as measured through IQ, predict migration in the sense that people with higher IQ would create more opportunities for themselves to move to stimulating environments. However, the interpretation of the interaction between childhood and current residence along those lines needs caution because the absence of measures of childhood cognitive performance or IQ in the present study, and the cross-sectional nature of the analyses, limit the possibility to isolate the influence of environmental stimulation on cognitive health from potential genetic predisposition.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…His slower tempo of life, lack of contact with the macrocosm of his culture, and inconsistent educational experiences have also been offered as explanations for his relatively lower scores on intelligence tests. Lehmann (1959) reported a mean IQ of 111 for urban white children and a mean IQ of 105 for rural white children. It is important to note that the mean IQ for rural children, as reported by Lehmann, is considerably higher than that which has recently been reported for urban white and Negro children at the lower socioeconomic level (Deutsch and Brown, 1964).…”
mentioning
confidence: 97%