Russeting in apple and pear: a plastic periderm replaces a stiff cuticle

Khanal, Bishnu P.; Grimm, Eckhard; Knoche, Moritz

doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls048

Cited by 76 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…They are associated with the activity of phellogen deposited in subepidermal cells typically at the microcrack formation site. Khanal et al [32] report that due to its limited permeability and relatively high plasticity, the cork tissue protects the fruit interior against water loss, infections, adverse climatic conditions, and physical factors more efficiently than the epidermis with the cuticle. Currently, pear russeting is regarded as a desirable trait, although it was previously believed to reduce the quality and the market value of the fruit [5, 33, 34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between the Morphology and Structure and the Quality of Fruits of Two Pear Cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) during Their Development and Maturation

Konarska

2013

The Scientific World Journal

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The flavour and nutritional values of pears are appreciated by consumers worldwide, who, however, demand specific fruit quality, that is, attractive appearance, firmness and flavour, and health safety as well as long-term shelf life and storability. Pear cultivars differ in terms of the above-mentioned traits; therefore, we undertook investigations to demonstrate the differences in structure of fruits of two pear cultivars that determine fruit quality in its broadest sense. The micromorphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of “Clapp's Favourite” and “Conference” fruits in the fruit set stage and in the harvest maturity stage were investigated under light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The fruits of “Clapp's Favourite” and “Conference” in the fruit set stage exhibited distinct differences in the values of anatomical parameters only. Substantial differences in fruit structure were observed in the harvest maturity stage. The analyses indicate that firmness and durability of pear fruits are largely influenced by the presence of russeting, the proportion of closed lenticels and number of stone cells, and the content of starch grains and tannin compounds. The thickness of the cuticle and presence of epicuticular waxes as well as the number of lenticels and the number and depth of microcracks play a minor role.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between the Morphology and Structure and the Quality of Fruits of Two Pear Cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) during Their Development and Maturation

Konarska

2013

The Scientific World Journal

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“…In apple, russet is described as the suberization of the fruit surface that occurs developmentally following cuticular damage in some cultivars (Khanal et al, 2013;Lashbrooke et al, 2015a). A regular skinned clone of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious ('Reinders') was analyzed in conjunction with a clone deriving from a somatic mutation for this cultivar that shows highly russeted fruits ('Rugiada') ( Figure 2A).…”

Section: The Russeting and Suberization Of Apple Fruit Surface Resembmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial study of suberization in the wounded fruit skin surface of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and apple (Malus x domestica) led to the discovery of genes associated with developmentally regulated suberin deposition in multiple plant species. It appeared that the gene expression program as a consequence of russeting, a naturally occurring suberization phenomenon of apple surface (Khanal et al, 2013;Lashbrooke et al, 2015a), and suberization due to cuticular deficiency in tomato skin, is vastly analogous. Interrogating additional transcriptomics data sets associated with suberin formation uncovered a conserved gene expression signature associated with suberin monomer biosynthesis and polymer assembly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MYB107 and MYB9 Homologs Regulate Suberin Deposition in Angiosperms

et al. 2016

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Suberin, a polymer composed of both aliphatic and aromatic domains, is deposited as a rough matrix upon plant surface damage and during normal growth in the root endodermis, bark, specialized organs (e.g., potato [Solanum tuberosum] tubers), and seed coats. To identify genes associated with the developmental control of suberin deposition, we investigated the chemical composition and transcriptomes of suberized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and russet apple (Malus x domestica) fruit surfaces. Consequently, a gene expression signature for suberin polymer assembly was revealed that is highly conserved in angiosperms. Seed permeability assays of knockout mutants corresponding to signature genes revealed regulatory proteins (i.e., AtMYB9 and AtMYB107) required for suberin assembly in the Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat. Seeds of myb107 and myb9 Arabidopsis mutants displayed a significant reduction in suberin monomers and altered levels of other seed coat-associated metabolites. They also exhibited increased permeability, and lower germination capacities under osmotic and salt stress. AtMYB9 and AtMYB107 appear to synchronize the transcriptional induction of aliphatic and aromatic monomer biosynthesis and transport and suberin polymerization in the seed outer integument layer. Collectively, our findings establish a regulatory system controlling developmentally deposited suberin, which likely differs from the one of stressinduced polymer assembly recognized to date.

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“…The russet skin contributes to protecting pears from biotic and abiotic stresses (Inoue et al 2006;Wang et al 2014). Growth stress is considered a driving force for microcracks, which trigger the formation of russet pear skin during the period of rapid fruit growth and intensive cell division occurring approximately 30 days after full bloom (Sugar and Basile 2008;Khanal et al 2013). Suberization is involved in the formation of a three-dimensional polyphenolic matrix, followed by the deposition of additional carbohydrate-, protein-and polyphenol-containing layers within the carbohydrate matrix of the primary cell wall (CW) (Bernards and Lewis 1998;Bernards and Razem 2001;Bernards 2002;Pollard et al 2008;Fan and Liu 2012;Beisson et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between H2O2 in Polyamine Metabolism and Lignin in the Exocarp of a Russet Mutant of ‘Dangshansuli’ Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)

et al. 2016

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The fruit of the 'Dangshansuli' pear has a greenish yellow skin, whereas its mutant, the 'Xiusu' pear, has a russet skin, which represents a genetic variation. It has been demonstrated that the formation of russet fruit in the 'Xiusu' pear is related to lignin accumulation in skin exocarp cells. In this study, we localized hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to the cell wall using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantified the concentrations of H 2 O 2 and polyamines. In addition, the expression levels of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis were measured in the exocarps of samples of young fruits of 'Dangshansuli', 'Xiusu', 'Xiusu' treated with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), and 'Xiusu' treated with ethephon. The results obtained could explain the mechanism by which H 2 O 2 participates in polyamine metabolism in the lignification of exocarp cells in the russet fruit mutant. The TEM results showed that free H 2 O 2 is present near the cell wall, where lignin is primarily synthesized, and the H 2 O 2 concentration was highly positively correlated with the lignin concentration. Although H 2 O 2 related to lignification showed no significant correlation with the putrescine or spermine concentration, it was highly positively correlated with the spermidine (Spd) concentration. Additionally, the Spd concentration was significantly positively correlated with altered expression of the polyamine oxidase gene (PbPAO). Taken together, these results have demonstrated that H 2 O 2 involved in lignification originates from the oxidation of Spd by the enzyme PAO, with high expression of the PbPAO gene, which suggests that H 2 O 2 from polyamine metabolism affects lignification in the exocarp of the russet mutant pear.

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Russeting in apple and pear: a plastic periderm replaces a stiff cuticle

Abstract: In russeting of apple and pear fruit, a stiff cuticle is replaced by a more plastic periderm. Furthermore, the cell layers underlying the cuticle and the periderm represent the load-bearing structure in the fruit skin in both apple and pear.

Cited by 76 publications

References 17 publications

The Relationship between the Morphology and Structure and the Quality of Fruits of Two Pear Cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) during Their Development and Maturation

The Relationship between the Morphology and Structure and the Quality of Fruits of Two Pear Cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) during Their Development and Maturation

MYB107 and MYB9 Homologs Regulate Suberin Deposition in Angiosperms

Relationship between H2O2 in Polyamine Metabolism and Lignin in the Exocarp of a Russet Mutant of ‘Dangshansuli’ Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)

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