Metal–ligand cooperation (MLC) allows cooperative
action
between active sites at both the metal and the ligand for transferring
hydrogen to the substrate using hydride and proton transfer. Despite
their utility in the development of green and sustainable synthetic
transformations from a single source, these transfers using two different
sources remain limited. Herein, we presented a bench-stable bifunctional
2,2′-bibenzimidazole (BiBzImH2)-based Ru(II)-para-cymene for selective and efficient hydrogenation of
unsaturated carbonyl/nitro to saturated carbonyl/nitro using hydride
and proton transfer from two different sources (silane for hydride
and methanol for proton) via substrate-mediated interconvertible
coordination modes (imino N → Ru and amido N–Ru) of
the active catalyst. Remarkably, the generation of Ru–H and
the presence of N–H of the coordinated BiBzImH2 are
important for the generation of interconvertible coordination modes,
which in turn is not operative without the N–H. The initial
rate kinetics under standard reaction conditions showed a broken positive
order in the substrate, first order in the catalyst, and first order
in the hydrogen donor (TES). Mechanistic studies, evaluated from spectroscopic,
kinetic, Hammett study, kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), and a few
other controlled experiments, further reveal that both solvent-mediated
proton transfer via the interconvertible coordination
mode and hydride transfer between the substrate-coordinated intermediate
and Ru–H might be involved in two separate rate-determining
steps. The catalyst demonstrated good efficiency, selectivity (>98%),
and functional group tolerance and displayed a broad scope with unsaturated
ketones and β nitrostyrenes, affording their saturated keto
and nitro products with excellent selectivity and emphasizing its
potential synthetic utility.