Ruthenium-Catalyzed C–H Activations for the Synthesis of Indole Derivatives

Abstract

The synthesis of substituted indoles has received great attention in the field of organic synthesis methodology. C–H activation makes it possible to obtain a variety of designed indole derivatives in mild conditions. Ruthenium catalyst, as one of the most significant transition-metal catalysts, has been contributing in the synthesis of indole scaffolds through C–H activation and C–H activation on indoles. Herein, we attempt to present an overview about the construction strategies of indole scaffold and site-specific modifications for indole scaffold via ruthenium-catalyzed C–H activations in recent years.

Recent advances in metal directed C–H amidation/amination using sulfonyl azides and phosphoryl azides

“…Additionally, the efficiency of the C-H activation process is diminished due to the need to install and remove directing auxiliaries. 196 The potential of this approach can be significantly enhanced through the development of novel catalysts and reaction conditions capable of selectively functionalizing specific C-H bonds within complex compounds.…”

Synthesis of Indoles via Sigmatropic Rearrangements and Olefin Isomerization

“…Indoles are a major type of heterocyclic ring that are found in many pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products, including proteins. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Owing to their importance, many methodologies for chemical synthesis of indoles have been proposed, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] such as the Bartoli, Fukuyama, Larock, Madelung and Nenitzescu methods. However, many of these methods suffer from quantitative (sometimes excess) byproducts, and harsh reaction conditions, which often have a high environmental burden.…”