Rydberg-atom based radio-frequency electrometry using frequency modulation spectroscopy in room temperature vapor cells

Kumar, Santosh; Fan, Haoquan; Kübler, Harald; Jahangiri, Akbar; Shaffer, James P.

doi:10.1364/oe.25.008625

Cited by 133 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…where P 0 is the power of the probe beam at the input of the cell, L is the length of the cell, k p is the wavelength of the probe laser, v is the susceptibility of the medium seen by the probe laser, and a ¼ 2pIm½v=k p is the Beer's absorption coefficient for the probe laser. The susceptibility for the probe laser is related to the density matrix component (q 21 ) that is associated with the j1i-j2i transition by the following:…”

Section: Four-level Eit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field metrology for SI traceability: Systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor

Holloway

Simons

Gordon

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Physics

196

144

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We investigate the relationship between the Rabi frequency (X RF , related to the applied electric field) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting, when performing atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric (E) field strength measurements using Rydberg states and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an atomic vapor. The AT splitting satisfies, under certain conditions, a well-defined linear relationship with the applied RF field amplitude. The EIT/AT-based E-field measurement approach derived from these principles is currently being investigated by several groups around the world as a means to develop a new SI-traceable RF E-field measurement technique. We establish conditions under which the measured AT-splitting is an approximately linear function of the RF electric field. A quantitative description of systematic deviations from the linear relationship is key to exploiting EIT/AT-based atomic-vapor spectroscopy for SI-traceable field measurement. We show that the linear relationship is valid and can be used to determine the E-field strength, with minimal error, as long as the EIT linewidth is small compared to the AT-splitting. We also discuss interesting aspects of the thermal dependence (i.e., hot-versus cold-atom) of this EIT-AT technique. An analysis of the transition from coldto hot-atom EIT in a Doppler-mismatched cascade system reveals a significant change of the dependence of the EIT linewidth on the optical Rabi frequencies and of the AT-splitting on X RF .

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Section: Four-level Eit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field metrology for SI traceability: Systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor

Holloway

Simons

Gordon

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Physics

196

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The well-known atomic properties allow for absolute calibration to SI units 26 , and rapid recent progress in Rydberg electrometry 28,38,39 has delivered unprecedented sensitivity in the microwave 26 and mm-waves range 40 . This technique has been shown to be only limited by the shot noise of the probe laser 39 , the intensity of which needs to be kept low to avoid spectral-broadening effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A terahertz-driven non-equilibrium phase transition in a room temperature atomic vapour

et al. 2018

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There are few demonstrated examples of phase transitions that may be driven directly by terahertz frequency electric fields, and those that are known require field strengths exceeding 1 MV cm−1. Here we report a non-equilibrium phase transition driven by a weak (≪1 V cm−1), continuous-wave terahertz electric field. The system consists of room temperature caesium vapour under continuous optical excitation to a high-lying Rydberg state, which is resonantly coupled to a nearby level by the terahertz electric field. We use a simple model to understand the underlying physical behaviour, and we demonstrate two protocols to exploit the phase transition as a narrowband terahertz detector: the first with a fast (20 μs) non-linear response to nano-Watts of incident radiation, and the second with a linearised response and effective noise equivalent power ≤1 pW Hz−1/2. The work opens the door to a class of terahertz devices controlled with low-field intensities and operating in a room temperature environment.

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“…For reference, current state of the art Rydberg sensor performance is ∼100 (µV/m)/ √ Hz using n = 50 [1,6]. Ideally this value would be near the bottom line of points in Fig.…”

Section: A Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rydberg atoms for wideband electric field sensing

Meyer

Castillo

Cox

et al. 2020

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

124

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Rydberg atoms have attracted significant interest recently as electric field sensors. In order to assess potential applications, detailed understanding of relevant figures of merit is necessary, particularly in relation to other, more mature, sensor technologies. Here we present a quantitative analysis of the Rydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields with frequencies between 1 kHz and 1 THz. Sensitivity is calculated using a combination of analytical and semi-classical Floquet models. Using these models, optimal sensitivity at arbitrary field frequency is determined. We validate the numeric Floquet model via experimental Rydberg sensor measurements over a range of 1-20 GHz. Using analytical models, we compare with two prominent electric field sensor technologies: electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.

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Rydberg-atom based radio-frequency electrometry using frequency modulation spectroscopy in room temperature vapor cells

Cited by 133 publications

References 70 publications

Electric field metrology for SI traceability: Systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor

Electric field metrology for SI traceability: Systematic measurement uncertainties in electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor

A terahertz-driven non-equilibrium phase transition in a room temperature atomic vapour

Assessment of Rydberg atoms for wideband electric field sensing

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