Saccade Reward Signals in Posterior Cingulate Cortex

McCoy, Allison N.; Crowley, Justin C.; Haghighian, Golnaz; Dean, Heather L.; Platt, Michael L.

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00719-0

Cited by 173 publications

(146 citation statements)

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“…Tonic activity-the main focus of the present paper-was reliably suppressed during the attentive task. Phasic enhancements were associated with important trial events, including fixation, target presentation, saccade onset, and reward delivery (22)(23)(24). Although we observed some directional selectivity in these responses, these signals have been reported previously (23), so they are not further studied here.…”

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confidence: 44%

“…We repeated these analyses using a 200-ms postsaccadic epoch beginning 200 ms after movement offset (cf. 23,24). We observed no correlations between tonic and phasic responses in all neurons (perisaccadic epoch: r ϭ 0.072, P Ͼ 0.5; postsaccadic epoch: r ϭ Ϫ0.003, P Ͼ 0.5) or in the subset of neurons exhibiting a significant suppression effect associated with active fixation (perisaccadic epoch: r ϭ 0.061, P Ͼ 0.5, correlation test; postsaccadic epoch: r ϭ Ϫ0.02, P Ͼ 0.5).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiological correlates of default-mode processing in macaque posterior cingulate cortex

Hayden

Smith

Platt

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

134

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During the course of daily activity, our level of engagement with the world varies on a moment-to-moment basis. Although these fluctuations in vigilance have critical consequences for our thoughts and actions, almost nothing is known about the neuronal substrates governing such dynamic variations in task engagement. We investigated the hypothesis that the posterior cingulate cortex (CGp), a region linked to default-mode processing by hemodynamic and metabolic measures, controls such variations. We recorded the activity of single neurons in CGp in 2 macaque monkeys performing simple tasks in which their behavior varied from vigilant to inattentive. We found that firing rates were reliably suppressed during task performance and returned to a higher resting baseline between trials. Importantly, higher firing rates predicted errors and slow behavioral responses, and were also observed during cued rest periods when monkeys were temporarily liberated from exteroceptive vigilance. These patterns of activity were not observed in the lateral intraparietal area, an area linked to the frontoparietal attention network. Our findings provide physiological confirmation that CGp mediates exteroceptive vigilance and are consistent with the idea that CGp is part of the ''default network'' of brain areas associated with control of task engagement.default network ͉ lateral intraparietal cortex ͉ working memory ͉ task engagement ͉ attention T he neural mechanisms supporting our engagement with the outside world remain poorly understood. Many studies have implicated the activation of a dorsal frontoparietal network of brain regions in selective attention and the consequent benefits in reaction time and accuracy in task performance (1-3). Recent studies suggest that a complementary network of brain areas, known as the default network, is deactivated during elevated task engagement (4-7). The default network comprises several brain regions that show a high metabolic and hemodynamic activity at rest that is suppressed during goal-directed tasks (3)(4)(5)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). A subset of these regions, including the posterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, shows resting metabolic and hemodynamic activity that is significantly higher than the global mean (5-6, 9).Deactivation of the default network has been implicated in attention, arousal, and task engagement. Increased hemodynamic response in the default network predicts occasional lapses in attention (12), failures to encode memories (13), and failures to perceive near-threshold somatosensory stimuli (14). Variations in the activity of the default network have been linked to self-directed cognition (4, 15), episodic memory retrieval (13), environmental monitoring (16), and motivated behavior (11). These data suggest that the default network may track moment-to-moment variations in the balance of exteroceptive vigilance and interoceptive cognition.Despite these observations, the precise contribution of the default network, and the posterior cingulate cortex (CGp) spec...

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confidence: 44%

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confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological correlates of default-mode processing in macaque posterior cingulate cortex

Hayden

Smith

Platt

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

134

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“…Moreover, this area is activated during decision making when rewards are uncertain in either amount 75 or time 76 , and the magnitude of activation depends on the subjective appeal of proffered rewards 77 . Finally, neurophysiology shows that CGp neurons respond to salient visual stimuli 78 , after visual orienting movements 78,79 and after rewards 80 , and that all these responses scale with reward size and predictability 80 . Together, these data suggest that CGp has an evaluative role in guiding behavior 79,80 .…”

Section: Neuronal Correlates Of Outcome Uncertainty and Risky Decisiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, neurophysiology shows that CGp neurons respond to salient visual stimuli 78 , after visual orienting movements 78,79 and after rewards 80 , and that all these responses scale with reward size and predictability 80 . Together, these data suggest that CGp has an evaluative role in guiding behavior 79,80 .…”

Section: Neuronal Correlates Of Outcome Uncertainty and Risky Decisiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Risky business: the neuroeconomics of decision making under uncertainty

2008

Self Cite

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Many decisions involve uncertainty, or imperfect knowledge about how choices lead to outcomes. Colloquial notions of uncertainty, particularly when describing a decision as 'risky', often carry connotations of potential danger as well. Gambling on a long shot, whether a horse at the racetrack or a foreign oil company in a hedge fund, can have negative consequences, but the impact of uncertainty on decision making extends beyond gambling. Indeed, uncertainty in some form pervades nearly all our choices in daily life. Stepping into traffic to hail a cab, braving an ice storm to be the first at work, or dating the boss's son or daughter also offer potentially great windfalls, at the expense of surety. We continually face trade-offs between options that promise safety and others that offer an uncertain potential for jackpot or bust. When mechanisms for dealing with uncertain outcomes fail, as in mental disorders such as problem gambling or addiction, the results can be disastrous. Thus, understanding decision making-indeed, understanding behavior itselfrequires knowing how the brain responds to and uses information about uncertainty.

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“…Sensory and object related information could arrive from inferior temporal cortex (55,56). Expected value and risk-related information could arrive from orbitofrontal and posterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and dopaminergic midbrain (57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63). In turn, it projects to dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor regions, and could, thus, influence behavioral output (51,54).…”

Section: Individual Differences In Risk Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex

Tobler

Christopoulos

O’Doherty

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

163

141

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When making choices under uncertainty, people usually consider both the expected value and risk of each option, and choose the one with the higher utility. Expected value increases the expected utility of an option for all individuals. Risk increases the utility of an option for risk-seeking individuals, but decreases it for risk averse individuals. In 2 separate experiments, one involving imperative (no-choice), the other choice situations, we investigated how predicted risk and expected value aggregate into a common reward signal in the human brain. Blood oxygen level dependent responses in lateral regions of the prefrontal cortex increased monotonically with increasing reward value in the absence of risk in both experiments. Risk enhanced these responses in risk-seeking participants, but reduced them in risk-averse participants. The aggregate value and risk responses in lateral prefrontal cortex contrasted with pure value signals independent of risk in the striatum. These results demonstrate an aggregate risk and value signal in the prefrontal cortex that would be compatible with basic assumptions underlying the mean-variance approach to utility. decision making ͉ fMRI ͉ utility ͉ mean-variance approach ͉ neuroeconomics

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Saccade Reward Signals in Posterior Cingulate Cortex

Cited by 173 publications

References 50 publications

Electrophysiological correlates of default-mode processing in macaque posterior cingulate cortex

Electrophysiological correlates of default-mode processing in macaque posterior cingulate cortex

Risky business: the neuroeconomics of decision making under uncertainty

Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex

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