Saccadic Dysmetria and Adaptation after Lesions of the Cerebellar Cortex

Barash, Shabtai; Melikyan, Armenuhi; Sivakov, Alexey; Zhang, Mingsha; Glickstein, Mitchell; Thier, Peter

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-24-10931.1999

Cited by 292 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Disrupting the posterior vermis, especially area VI, VII and paravermis, in humans using transcranial magnetic stimulation also suggest that these areas are related to the execution of visuallyguided saccades (Hashimoto and Ohtsuka 1995). Lesioning the oculomotor vermis in monkeys leads to a clear shortening of saccades (saccadic hypometria), an increase in saccadic amplitude variability and loss of adaptive capability of saccadic amplitudes (Takagi et al 1998;Barash et al 1999). Although hypometria dissolves within a year, saccadic amplitudes remain highly variable (Barash et al 1999).…”

Section: Cerebellar Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lesioning the oculomotor vermis in monkeys leads to a clear shortening of saccades (saccadic hypometria), an increase in saccadic amplitude variability and loss of adaptive capability of saccadic amplitudes (Takagi et al 1998;Barash et al 1999). Although hypometria dissolves within a year, saccadic amplitudes remain highly variable (Barash et al 1999). Saccadic behavior of patients with lesions of the vermis VI and VII suggest that there is a dissociation between the extent of saccadic variability and the lack of adaptive capability (Straube et al 2001).…”

Section: Cerebellar Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, behavioral studies showed that modiWcation of the amplitudes of reXexive saccades in a saccade adaptation paradigm (McLaughlin 1967) does not inXuence the amplitudes of voluntary saccades, and vice versa (Erkelens and Hulleman 1993;Gaveau et al 2005;Alahyane et al 2007). The cerebellum is an important brain structure in saccadic gain control (Ron and Robinson 1973;Straube and Deubel 1995;Desmurget et al 1998;Barash et al 1999;Straube et al 2001). Desmurget et al (2000) demonstrated that the oculomotor vermis of the cerebellum is activated in a saccade adaptation paradigm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

et al. 2008

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ReXexive saccades are driven by visual stimulation whereas voluntary saccades require volitional control. Behavioral and lesional studies suggest that there are two separate mechanisms involved in the generation of these two types of saccades. This study investigated diVerences in cerebral and cerebellar activation between reXexive and self-paced voluntary saccadic eye movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In two experiments (whole brain and cerebellum) using the same paradigm, diVerences in brain activations induced by reXexive and self-paced voluntary saccades were assessed. Direct comparison of the activation patterns showed that the frontal eye Welds, parietal eye Weld, the motion-sensitive area (MT/ V5), the precuneus (V6), and the angular and the cingulate gyri were more activated in reXexive saccades than in voluntary saccades. No signiWcant diVerence in activation was found in the cerebellum. Our results suggest that the alleged separate mechanisms for saccadic control of reXexive and self-paced voluntary are mainly observed in cerebral rather than cerebellar areas.

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Section: Cerebellar Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cerebellar Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

et al. 2008

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“…Lesions of the oculomotor cerebellum also impair saccade adaptation driven either by the McLaughlin paradigm (Barash et al 1999;Robinson et al 2002;Takagi et al 1998) or muscle weakness (Optican and Robinson 1980). Furthermore, neurons in the CFN change the timing and firing rates of their saccaderelated bursts in association with behavioral decreases in saccade amplitude (Inaba et al 2003;Scudder and McGee 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discharge of Monkey Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis Neurons Changes During Saccade Adaptation

Takeichi

Kaneko²,

Fuchs³

2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Takeichi, N., C.R.S. Kaneko, and A. F. Fuchs. Discharge of monkey nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis neurons changes during saccade adaptation. J Neurophysiol 94: 1938J Neurophysiol 94: -1951J Neurophysiol 94: , 2005 doi:10.1152/jn.00113.2005. Saccade accuracy is maintained by adaptive mechanisms that continually modify saccade amplitude to reduce dysmetria. Previous studies suggest that adaptation occurs upstream of the caudal fastigial nucleus (CFN), the output of the oculomotor cerebellar vermis but downstream from the superior colliculus (SC). The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) is a major source of afferents to both the oculomotor vermis and the CFN and in turn receives direct input from the SC. Here we examine the activity of NRTP neurons in four rhesus monkeys during behaviorally induced changes in saccade amplitude to assess whether their discharge might reveal adaptation mechanisms that mediate changes in saccade amplitude. During amplitude decrease adaptation (average, 22%), the gradual reduction of saccade amplitude was accompanied by an increase in the number of spikes in the burst of 19/34 neurons (56%) and no change for 15 neurons (44%). For the neurons that increased their discharge, the additional spikes were added at the beginning of the saccadic burst and adaptation also delayed the peak-firing rate in some neurons. Moreover, after amplitude reduction, the movement fields changed shape in all 15 open field neurons tested. Our data show that saccadic amplitude reduction affects the number of spikes in the burst of more than half of NRTP neurons tested, primarily by increasing burst duration not frequency. Therefore adaptive changes in saccade amplitude are reflected already at a major input to the oculomotor cerebellum.

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“…The deeper layers of the SC are connected to the medioposterior cerebellum (caudal fastigial nucleus and oculomotor vermis; Ohtsuka and Noda 1990) via nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP; May et al 1990;Ohtsuka and Noda 1990) and dorsal lateral pontine nucleus (Thier and Mock 2005). Lesions to the medioposterior cerebellum impair rapid saccade amplitude adaptation during the McLaughlin task (Barash et al 1999;Robinson et al 2002;Takagi et al 2000) and the burst metrics of neurons in NRTP (Takeichi et al 2005), caudal fastigial nucleus (Inaba et al 2003;Scudder and McGee 2003), and oculomotor vermis (Catz et al 2005(Catz et al , 2008Soetedjo and Fuchs 2006) are altered along with saccade amplitude during head-restrained saccadic adaptation. Future studies are required to classify the types of motor command signals (gaze, eye, or head) represented at each level of this circuit prior to describing modifications to these signals during gaze adaptation using the McLaughlin task.…”

Section: Physiological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head-Unrestrained Gaze Adaptation in the Rhesus Macaque

Cecala

Freedman²

2009

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. The ability to adjust the amplitude of gaze shifts in response to persistent visual errors ("gaze adaptation") has been investigated primarily by introducing visual errors at the end of saccades produced by head-restrained primates. Very little is known about the behavior and neural mechanisms underlying gaze adaptation when the head is free to move. We tested alternative hypotheses about the signals that are altered during gaze adaptation by increasing (25°3 50°; "forward adaptation") or decreasing (50°3 25°; "backward adaptation") the size of large, head-unrestrained gaze shifts. In our three rhesus monkey subjects, changes to primary gaze shift amplitude occurred regardless of the particular combinations of eye and head movements that made up the amplitude-altered gaze shifts. The relative changes to eye and head movements that occurred during adaptation could be predicted based on the magnitude of gaze adaptation and the positions of the eyes in the orbits at gaze onset. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gaze adaptation occurs at the level of a gaze shift command and inconsistent with hypotheses based on the assumption that gaze adaptation results from alterations to eye-and/or head-specific signals.

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Saccadic Dysmetria and Adaptation after Lesions of the Cerebellar Cortex

Cited by 292 publications

References 27 publications

Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades

Discharge of Monkey Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis Neurons Changes During Saccade Adaptation

Head-Unrestrained Gaze Adaptation in the Rhesus Macaque

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