Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Groll, Susan L.; Ross, Leonard E.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.1.108

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The outcome depends critically on the time delay between the target shift and the subject's response (Becker & Jürgens, 1979): when this response delay is short, saccades are directed towards the first stimulus location and, when this delay is long, saccades are directed towards the second stimulus; at intermediate delays, saccades are directed to intermediate locations. Others have repeatedly replicated this amplitude vs. delay dependency using one-dimensional (Baizer & Bender, 1989;Groll & Ross, 1982;van Asten, Gielen, & DeWinkel, 1988;see, however, Ottes, Van Gisbergen, & Eggermont, 1984) and two-dimensional displays (Aslin & Shea, 1987;Findlay & Harris, 1984;Gellman & Carl, 1991;Hou & Fender, 1979;McPeek, Skavenski, & Nakayama, 2000). These studies indicate that visual information processing continues during the programming of saccades, and can modify a saccade that is already in preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans studied with a double-cue paradigm

2002

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In the classic double-step paradigm, subjects are required to make a saccade to a visual target that is briefly presented at one location and then shifted to a new location before the subject has responded. The saccades in this situation are "reflexive" in that they are made in response to the appearance of the target itself. In the present experiments we adapted the double-step paradigm to study "voluntary" saccades. For this, several identical targets were always visible and subjects were given a cue to indicate that they should make a saccade to one of them. This cue was then changed to indicate another of the targets before the subject had responded: double-cue (DC) paradigm. The saccadic eye movements in our DC paradigm had many features in common with those in the double-step paradigm and we show that apparent differences can be attributed to the spatio-temporal arrangements of the cues/targets rather than to any intrinsic differences in the programming of these two kinds of eye movements. For example, a feature of our DC paradigm that is not seen in the usual double-step paradigm is that the second cue could cause transient delays of the initial saccade, and these delays still occurred when the second cue was reflexive--provided that it was at the fovea (as in our DC paradigm) and not in the periphery (as in the usual double-step paradigm). Thus, the critical factor for the delay was the retinal (foveal) location of the second cue/target--not whether it was cognitive or reflexive--and we argue that the second cue/target is here acting as a distractor. We conclude that the DC paradigm can be used to study the programming of voluntary saccades in the same way that the double-step paradigm can be used to study reflexive saccades.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans studied with a double-cue paradigm

2002

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“…For example, there is some evidence that young children have difficulty moving their eyes as rapidly and accurately as older children and adults (for a review, see Luna & Velanova, 2011). For example, there is considerable evidence using relatively simple oculomotor tasks (e.g., moving the eyes to visual targets) that, relative to adults, children are slower at programming saccades (Cohen & Ross, 1977, 1978; Groll & Ross, 1982; Klein & Foerster, 2001; Kowler & Martins, 1982; Miller, 1969) but exhibit equally rapid saccade velocities (Fukushima, Hatta, & Fukushima, 2000; Salman et al, 2006). By this second account, therefore, the causal arrow goes from the development of adult-like eye-movement behavior to increasingly adult-like reading skill; that is, increasingly skilled eye-movement behavior (e.g., targeting saccades towards the centers of words) contributes to more efficient reading.…”

Section: Eye Movements In Children Vs Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using E-Z Reader to examine the concurrent development of eye-movement control and reading skill

Reichle

Liversedge

Drieghe

et al. 2013

Developmental Review

125

114

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Compared to skilled adult readers, children typically make more fixations that are longer in duration, shorter saccades, and more regressions, thus reading more slowly (Blythe & Joseph, 2011). Recent attempts to understand the reasons for these differences have discovered some similarities (e.g., children and adults target their saccades similarly; Joseph, Liversedge, Blythe, White, & Rayner, 2009) and some differences (e.g., children’s fixation durations are more affected by lexical variables; Blythe, Liversedge, Joseph, White, & Rayner, 2009) that have yet to be explained. In this article, the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading (Reichle, 2011; Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998) is used to simulate various eye-movement phenomena in adults vs. children in order to evaluate hypotheses about the concurrent development of reading skill and eye-movement behavior. These simulations suggest that the primary difference between children and adults is their rate of lexical processing, and that different rates of (post-lexical) language processing may also contribute to some phenomena (e.g., children’s slower detection of semantic anomalies; Joseph et al., 2008). The theoretical implications of this hypothesis are discussed, including possible alternative accounts of these developmental changes, how reading skill and eye movements change across the entire lifespan (e.g., college-aged vs. older readers), and individual differences in reading ability.

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“…The ability to inhibit reflexive prosaccades to peripherally flashed stimuli during a fixation task may be impaired after medial or ventrolateral frontal lesions, but not after lesions of the DLPFC~Paus, Kalina, Patackova, Angerova, Cerny, Mecik, Bauer, & Krabec, 1991!. Whereas most of these results have been obtained with adult individuals, comparatively little is known about the development of the saccadic functions in children and adolescents. Slightly augmented prosaccadic reaction times~Cohen & Ross, 1977& Ross, , 1978Fischer, Biscaldi, & Gezeck, 1997;Groll & Ross, 1982;Miller, 1969;Ross, Radant, Young, & Hommer, 1994! and an augmented prosaccadic gap effect~Cohen & Ross, 1977, 1978!…”

Section: Descriptors: Development Antisaccade Gap Effect Eye Movemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of prosaccade and antisaccade task performance in participants aged 6 to 26 years

2001

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There are few studies on the development of oculomotor functions during childhood. B. Fischer, M. Biscaldi, and S. Gezeck (1997) reported improvement of antisaccade task performance between ages 6 and 16 years. The present study is a replication and extension of those results. In three age groups (6-7, 10-11, 18-26 years), saccades during pro- and antisaccade tasks with 200-ms gap and overlap and during a fixation task were measured. Adults exhibited faster saccades and less prosaccades during the antisaccade tasks than 10-11-year-old children; these two groups had faster saccades during all tasks and less prosaccades during the anti- and the fixation task than 6-7-year-old subjects. Both children groups made more express saccades than adults. Results suggest different degrees of age-related improvement for different saccadic parameters, the effects being greatest for prosaccade inhibition during the antisaccade task and in line with the assumed protracted development of prefrontal functions.

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Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans studied with a double-cue paradigm

Voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans studied with a double-cue paradigm

Using E-Z Reader to examine the concurrent development of eye-movement control and reading skill

Development of prosaccade and antisaccade task performance in participants aged 6 to 26 years

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