Saccomorpha guttulata: a new marine fungal microbioerosion trace fossil from cool- to cold-water settings

Wisshak, Max; Meyer, Neele; Radtke, Gudrun; Golubić, Stjepko

doi:10.1007/s12542-018-0407-7

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Flagrichnus baiulus, Saccomorpha guttulata, and Orthogonum-form I have previously been suggested as indicators for cold-water environments in high latitudes and the deep ocean (Wisshak 2006;Wisshak and Porter 2006;Wisshak et al 2018), a view that is supported by the present findings in the Ross Sea. Entobia mikra and Nododendrina europaea were also primarily reported from cold environments (Wisshak 2008), including Svalbard (Meyer et al 2020), but were not detected in the Ross Sea.…”

Section: Ichnotaxa In the Polar North And Southsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Bioerosion ichnodiversity in barnacles from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

2021

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Breakdown of skeletal and lithic hard substrates by organisms, a process referred to as bioerosion, is part of the global carbon cycle and receives increased attention, but little is known about bioerosion in polar environments. Here, we study bioerosion traces (addressed by their respective ichnotaxa) recorded in the barnacle Bathylasma corolliforme from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Traces were visualized via scanning electron microscopy of epoxy casts prepared with the vacuum cast-embedding technique. In 50 samples from shallow 37 m to bathyal 1680 m water depths, 16 different bioerosion traces were found, classified into microborings presumably produced by cyanobacteria (1), chlorophytes (1), fungi (9), foraminifera (1), unknown organotrophs (5), and macroborings produced by cirripeds (1). Statistical ichnodiversity analysis resulted in a significant (p = 0.001) ANOSIM with moderate differences (R = 0.5) between microbioerosion trace assemblages at different water depths and revealed two main clusters (NMDS, SIMPROF) corresponding to the photic and aphotic stations. A comparison between this study and a corresponding study from the Svalbard archipelago, Arctic Ocean, shows that the ichnodiversity in calcareous barnacle skeletons is similar in polar waters of both hemispheres. This includes several ichnotaxa that are indicative for cool- to cold-water environments, such as Flagrichnus baiulus and Saccomorpha guttulata. Nine of the investigated ichnotaxa occur in both polar regions and seven ichnotaxa show an extensive bathymetrical range down to the deep sea at bathyal 1680 m water depth.

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Section: Ichnotaxa In the Polar North And Southsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Furthermore, we would tentatively identify the trace assigned to F. baiulus in Fig. 7c in Frank et al (2020) as Saccomorpha guttulata (Wisshak et al 2018). The identification of Scolecia serrata in Fig.…”

Section: Ichnotaxa From the Ross Seamentioning

confidence: 91%

Bioerosion ichnodiversity in barnacles from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

2021

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“…All other microborings were also found in the tube‐legs or at the deeper 127‐m station, identifying them as the work of organotrophic trace makers, albeit the specific biological identity remains largely unknown. Three traces presumably produced by marine fungi (Radtke, 1991; Wisshak et al, 2018; Wisshak & Porter, 2006) were most abundant, namely Flagrichnus baiulus , Orthogonum tubulare , and Saccomorpha guttulata . Additional microborings in this category were another two ichnospecies and two morphotypes of the ichnogenus Orthogonum , all of which rare to very rare.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mobile carbonate producers largely constitute of echinoderms, molluscs and crustaceans (Wisshak et al, 2019). Baseline work on bioerosion in this Arctic environment included an inventory of bioerosion traces documented in barnacle shells sampled along a bathymetrical transect of Mosselbukta (Meyer et al, 2020) and the establishment of a new bioerosion ichnospecies indicative of polar environments (Wisshak et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Ten Years After’—a long‐term settlement and bioerosion experiment in an Arctic rhodolith bed (Mosselbukta, Svalbard)

et al. 2021

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Rhodolith beds and bioherms formed by ecosystem engineering crustose coralline algae support the northernmost centres of carbonate production, referred to as polar cold‐water carbonate factories. Yet, little is known about biodiversity and recruitment of these hard‐bottom communities or the bioeroders degrading them, and there is a demand for carbonate budgets to include respective rates of polar carbonate build‐up and bioerosion. To address these issues, a 10‐year settlement and bioerosion experiment was carried out at the Arctic Svalbard archipelago in and downslope of a rhodolith bed. The calcifiers recorded on experimental settlement tiles (56 taxa) were dominated by bryozoans, serpulids and foraminiferans. The majority of the bioerosion traces (30 ichnotaxa) were microborings, followed by attachment etchings and grazing traces. Biodiversity metrics show that calcifier diversity and bioerosion ichnodiversity are both elevated in the rhodolith bed, if compared to adjacent aphotic waters, but these differences are statistically insignificant. Accordingly, there were only low to moderate dissimilarities in the calcifier community structure and bioerosion trace assemblages between the two depth stations (46 and 127 m), substrate orientations (up‐ and down‐facing) and substrate types (PVC and limestone), in that order of relevance. In contrast, surface coverage as well as the carbonate accretion and bioerosion rates were all significantly elevated in the rhodolith bed, reflecting higher abundance or size of calcifiers and bioerosion traces. All three measures were highest for up‐facing substrates at 46 m, with a mean coverage of 78.2% (on PVC substrates), a mean accretion rate of 24.6 g m−2 year−1 (PVC), and a mean bioerosion rate of −35.1 g m−2 year−1 (limestone). Differences in these metrics depend on the same order of factors than the community structure. Considering all limestone substrates of the two platforms, carbonate accretion and bioerosion were nearly in balance at a net rate of −2.5 g m−2 year−1. A latitudinal comparison with previous settlement studies in the North Atlantic suggests that despite the harsh polar environment there is neither a depletion in the diversity of hard‐bottom calcifier communities nor in the ichnodiversity of grazing traces, attachment etchings and microborings formed by organotrophs. In contrast, microborings produced by phototrophs are strongly depleted because of limitations in the availability of light (condensed photic zonation, polar night, shading by sea ice). Also, macroborings were almost absent, surprisingly. With respect to carbonate production, the Svalbard carbonate factory marks the low end of a latitudinal gradient while bioerosion rates are similar or even higher than at comparable depth or photic regime at lower latitudes, although this might not apply to shallow euphotic waters (not covered in our experiment), given the observed depletion in bioeroding microphytes and macroborers. While echinoid grazing is particularly relevant for the bioerosion in ...

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“…It is also worth noting that neither the size nor the inferred taxonomy of the tracemaker is germane to trace fossil assignment. Trace fossils can be emplaced by any organism, from large carnivores (e.g., Mikuláš et al, 2006) to fungi and bacteria (e.g., Radtke and Golubic, 2005; Wisshak et al, 2008, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectoparasite borings, mesoparasite borings, and scavenging traces in early Miocene turtle and tortoise shell: Moghra Formation, Wadi Moghra, Egypt

2021

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Borings and bite marks on fossil turtle carapaces and plastra from the Miocene Moghra Formation, northern Egypt, are herein described. All fossil turtle material from Moghra exhibits ichnofossils. The positions of invertebrate borings on external surfaces of tortoise and turtle shell material at Moghra are consistent with the activities of ectoparasites or mesoparasites. A single invertebrate ichnotaxon, Karethraichnus lakkos Zonneveld et al., 2016, occurs on Moghra tortoise fossils. This trace fossil was likely emplaced by ixodid arthropods (ticks). Bite marks assigned to Nihilichnus occur on a carapace peripheral and are interpreted to reflect postmortem scavenging. An abundant and moderately diverse assemblage of invertebrate borings characterizes Moghra aquatic turtle shells. Karethraichnus lakkos and Thatchtelithichnus holmani Zonneveld et al., 2016 traces on aquatic turtles are interpreted to reflect leech and/or trematode parasitism. Gunnellichnus moghraensis (new ichnogenus new ichnospecies) and G. akolouthiste (n. isp.) likely reflect bacterial and/or fungal infections on aquatic turtle shells that rarely dried out. UUID: http://zoobank.org/f0a3977d-deff-4954-b196-536adc405854

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Saccomorpha guttulata: a new marine fungal microbioerosion trace fossil from cool- to cold-water settings

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Bioerosion ichnodiversity in barnacles from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Bioerosion ichnodiversity in barnacles from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

‘Ten Years After’—a long‐term settlement and bioerosion experiment in an Arctic rhodolith bed (Mosselbukta, Svalbard)

Ectoparasite borings, mesoparasite borings, and scavenging traces in early Miocene turtle and tortoise shell: Moghra Formation, Wadi Moghra, Egypt

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