Safe Hb Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

We have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the effluent of a continuous bladder irrigation. The Hb concentration measurement is based on light absorption within a fixed measuring distance. The light frequency used is selected so that both arterial and venous Hb are equally detected. The sensor allows the measurement of the Hb concentration up to a maximum value of 3.2 g/dL (equivalent to ≈20% blood concentration). Since bubble formation in the outflow tract cannot be avoided with current irrigation systems, a neural network is implemented that can robustly detect air bubbles within the measurement section. The network considers both optical and temporal features and is able to effectively safeguard the measurement process. The sensor supports the use of different irrigants (salt and electrolyte-free solutions) as well as measurement through glass shielding. The sensor can be used in a non-invasive way with current irrigation systems. The sensor is positively tested in a clinical study.

An intelligent continuous bladder irrigation monitoring and control system: Development and preliminary assessment

“…The intelligent system can facilitate the standardized management of patients with bladder irrigation by health care providers and simplify the clinical nursing workflow, in addition to facilitating automated data collection and analysis. Some researchers have preliminarily explored the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) devices in CBI and found that it was conducive to collect more reliable data and immediately transfer the monitoring data, supporting the great potential for application of AI in bladder irrigation 3–6 . The application of a closed-loop intelligent control system will address the limitations of the current clinical practice of bladder irrigation management, promote patients’ recovery, and increase nursing work efficiency.…”

“…In current clinical practice, observation and assessment of a patient's CBI rely on visual observation by health care providers or family members 3,4 . They need to observe and assess the remaining volume of flushing fluid in the irrigation bag, the flushing fluid inflow speed, and the volume and color of flushing fluid outflow in the urine bag.…”

Anemia Diagnostic System Based on Impedance Measurement of Red Blood Cells

“…In 2015, a low-cost point-of-care anemia detection device was proposed [ 17 ]. In a recent study, the hematocrit concentration was measured by blood impedance [ 18 ], and hemoglobin concentration measurements based on artificial intelligence were also reported [ 19 ].…”