Safeguards applications of far infrared radiometric techniques for the detection of contraband

Hodges, D. T.; Reber, E. E.; Foote, F. B.; Schellenbaum, R.L.

doi:10.2172/5697169

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A periscopic conical scanner allows for the formation of a 2D image at frame rates up to about 10 Hz. At 7 Hz, the system NETD has been measured to be ∼0.5 K with a spatial resolution of (4 cm) 2 An image of the system, SMMW frames from a movie and still images taken with a similar system are shown in Fig. 19.14.…”

Section: Vtt/nist Passive Thz Cameramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first imaging systems was developed by the Royal Radar Establishment in the 1950s [1], a rather remarkable feat considering that the system was based on thermionic valve technology. Later in the 1970s, passive millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging in the band 100-300 GHz was investigated using semiconductor technology, as a means to detect nuclear radiation shielding materials and concealed explosives [2,3]. During the 1980s and the early 1990s a better understanding of the phenomenology of passive MMW imaging was developed, due to the increasing number of proof of concept imaging systems that had been designed and operated in the atmospheric transmission windows and absorption bands in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Imaging in Security Applications

Luukanen

Appleby

Kemp³

et al. 2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relatively short wavelength of mm-wave and THz radiation coupled with good transmission through many dielectric materials allows images to be formed of concealed objects. This chapter gives an overview of the detectors, their associated circuitry, and system developments over the past 10 years, focussing on personnel security screening. We will discuss the phenomenology of imaging at these wavelengths, introduce the reader to the basic architectures being used and developed for image forming instruments, show examples of systems, and also discuss the feasibility of spectroscopic THz imaging for security screening applications.

show abstract

Section: Vtt/nist Passive Thz Cameramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Imaging in Security Applications

Luukanen

Appleby

Kemp³

et al. 2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Exploitation of the near transparency of clothing to microwave and millimeter-wave radiation was first investigated for security screening in the late 1970s for the nuclear industry and law enforcement by the Sandia National Laboratories [3], [4]. Following this, a diversity of systems evolved, building on GaAs mixers and broadband amplifiers available in the 1980s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Full-Body Security Screening: Radiometric Microwave Imaging Phenomenology and Polarimetric Scene Simulation

Salmon

2020

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The paper discusses the scene simulation of radiometric imagers and its use to illustrate the phenomenology of full-body screening of people for weapons and threats concealed under clothing. The aperture synthesis technique is introduced as this offers benefits of wide field-of-views and large depths-offields in a system that is potentially conformally deployable in the confined spaces of building entrances and at airport departure lounges. The technique offers a non-invasive, non-cooperative screening capability to scrutinize all human body surfaces for illegal items. However, for indoor operation, the realization of this capability is challenging due to the low radiation temperature contrasts in imagery. The contrast is quantified using a polarimetric radiometric layer model of the clothed human subject concealing threats. A radiation frequency of 20 GHz was chosen for the simulation as system component costs here are relatively low and the attainable half-wavelength spatial resolution of 7.5 mm is sufficient for screening. The contrasts against the human body of the threat materials of metal, zirconia ceramic, carbon fiber, nitrogen-based energetic materials, yellow beeswax, and water were calculated to be ≤7 K. Furthermore, the model indicates how some threats frequency modulate the radiation temperatures by ~±1 K. These results are confirmed by experiments using a radiometer measuring left-hand circularly polarized radiation. It is also shown using scene simulation how circularly polarized radiation has benefits for reducing false alarms and how threat objects appear in canyon regions of the body, such as between the legs and in the armpits.

show abstract

“…The application of passive millimetre wave imaging for all weather surveillance 1 and security scanning of personnel 2,3 has been known since the 1970's. However, it was not until the late 1980's that quasi-optical imaging systems began to demonstrate the real potential of passive millimetre wave imaging 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An all electronic passive millimetre wave imaging system

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The need to develop passive millimetre wave imaging systems which have better spatial resolution and sensitivity, to offer powerful discrimination capabilities, is great. On the other hand, many deployment scenarios dictate the system footprint to be smaller than that of existing imagers. This dilemma may be resolved by replacing the bulky quasi-optics of existing imaging systems with two dimensional antenna arrays and electronic processors. This paper discusses initial design work for a demonstrator of an all electronic passive millimetre wave imager. This approach to the all electronic imaging system, endeavours to create ultimately an 'imager skin', which has essentially a two dimensional architecture, the minimum requirement for the collection of millimetre wave radiation for imaging. The physics of the imaging process and possible routes to electronic imaging are discussed. Possible arrays are investigated and a point spread function of the demonstrator imager is modelled. The results of using this imager system for a security scanning application are presented and conclusions about relevant technologies are given.

show abstract

Safeguards applications of far infrared radiometric techniques for the detection of contraband

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Imaging in Security Applications

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Imaging in Security Applications

Indoor Full-Body Security Screening: Radiometric Microwave Imaging Phenomenology and Polarimetric Scene Simulation

An all electronic passive millimetre wave imaging system

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About