Safety and efficacy of a novel iron chelator (HBED; (N,N′‐Di(2‐hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetic acid)) in equine (Equus caballus) as a model for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

Abstract

While iron overload disorder (IOD) and related disease states are not considered a common occurrence in domestic equids, these issues appear prevalent in black rhinoceroses under human care. In addressing IOD in black rhinos, altering dietary iron absorption and excretion may be the most globally practical approach. A main option for treatment used across other species such as humans, is chelation therapy using iron‐specific synthetic compounds. As horses may serve as an appropriate digestive model for the endangered rhinoceros, we evaluated the potential use of the oral iron chelator N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine‐N,N‐diacetic acid (HBED) in horses for safety and efficacy prior to testing in black rhinoceros. Health and iron digestibility and dynamics were assessed in horses (n = 6) before, and after treatment with HBED (50 mg/kg body weight) for 8 days using a crossover design with serum, faecal and urine collection. A preliminary pharmacokinetic trial was also performed but no trace of HBED was found in serially sampled plasma through 8 h post‐oral dosing. HBED increased urinary iron output in horses compared to control by 0.7% of total iron intake (p < 0.01), for an average of 27 mg urinary iron/day, similar to human chelation goals. Blood chemistry, blood cell counts and overall wellness were not affected by treatment. As healthy horses are able to regulate iron absorption, the lack of change in iron balance is unsurprising. Short‐term HBED administration appeared to be safely tolerated by horses, therefore it was anticipated it would also be safe to administer to black rhinos for the management of iron overload.

Metabolomic profiling implicates mitochondrial and immune dysfunction in disease syndromes of the critically endangered black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

“…However, the ex-situ population experiences its own threats to survival related to several unusual disease syndromes not typically observed among their wild counterparts 2 , 3 . With < 5627 wild black rhinos 4 and < 240 black rhinos in ex-situ management worldwide 5 , 6 , the health and welfare of the ex-situ population is a high priority for the conservation community. An understanding of the fundamental physiological mechanisms that contribute to taxonomic divergence, reproductive biology, and disease states is a high priority for maintaining self-sustaining populations of rare and endangered species.…”