Safety and Efficacy of Different Therapeutic Interventions on Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

Sharma, Sitasma; Pant, Suman; Koirala, Pallavi; Adhikari, Kriti; Koirala, Janak; Dhimal, Meghnath

doi:10.33314/jnhrc.v18i2.2806

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Clinical trials on the use of convalescent plasma therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been conducted in Nepal. 110 Immune-based therapy consists of convalescent plasma and immunoglobulins, interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitors, interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors, and other immuno-modulators. Blockage of IL-6 and IL-1 and inhibition of Janus Kinase (JAK) may lead to treating systemic inflammation associated with severe COVID-19.…”

Section: Treatment Options Against Sars-cov-2 Infection In Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding COVID-19 Situation in Nepal and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Management

Dawadi

Syangtan

Lama

et al. 2022

Environ�Health�Insights

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Background: The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), one of the most infectious diseases in the modern history, is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has had a profound health and economic toll, globally. This paper identifies the overall health status associated with COVID-19 pandemic in all 7 provinces of Nepal, a developing country in South Asia, analyzing data from January 2020 to February 2022. It focuses on the SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, transmission through wastewater and other routes, diagnostics, treatment options, and alternative medicines, thereby offering key perspectives for its management. Materials and Methods: Studies regarding coronavirus spanning the 2017 to 2022 period were searched on the web, Nepalese database, and Web of Science. Refined criteria included SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater of Nepal or worldwide. Demographic data (sex, age-group, and geographic location) were also obtained from websites and relevant reports of the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) of Nepal, ranging from January 2020 to February 2022. Moreover, trends concerning lockdown, business, and border activities in Nepal between February 2020 and October 2020 were evaluated. The viral dissemination pathways, diagnosis, and available treatment options, including the Ayurvedic medicine, were also examined. Results: Aerosols generated during the hospital, industrial, recreational, and household activities were found to contribute to the propagation of SARS-CoV-2 into environmental wastewater, thereby putting the surrounding communities at risk of infection. When lockdown ended and businesses opened in October 2020, the number of active cases of COVID-19 increased exponentially. Bagmati Province had the highest number of cases (53.84%), while the remaining 6 provinces tallied 46.16%. Kathmandu district had the highest number of COVID-19 cases (138, 319 cases), while Manang district had the smallest number of infections (81 cases). The male population was found to be predominantly infected (58.7%). The most affected age groups were the 31 to 40 years old males (25.92%) and the 21 to 30 years old females (26.85%). Conclusion: The pandemic impacted the public health and economic growth in our study duration. SARS-CoV-2 was prevalent in the wastewater of Nepal. The Terai districts and the megacities were mostly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infections. Working-age groups and males were identified as the highest risk groups. More investigations on the therapeutic and alternative cures are recommended. These findings may guide the researchers and professionals with handling the COVID-19 challenges in developing countries such as Nepal and better prepare for future pandemics.

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Section: Treatment Options Against Sars-cov-2 Infection In Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding COVID-19 Situation in Nepal and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Management

Dawadi

Syangtan

Lama

et al. 2022

Environ�Health�Insights

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Mechanistic and in vitro analyses suggest multiple promising therapeutic options with potential for repurposing to treat patients with COVID-19 [11]. Drug repurposing is an attractive approach with reduced time and cost to treat COVID-19 [12][13][14]; however, limitations such as low success rate and the possibility of adverse side effects, can not be overlooked [13][14][15][16][17]. There is limited data on the human genome interactions with many of these agents and this may constitute an obstacle for successful COVID-19 therapy.…”

Section: Covid-19 Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs

Badary

2021

Pharmacogenomics J

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The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an emergent global pandemic. Many drugs without established efficacy are being used to treat COVID-19 patients either as an offlabel/compassionate use or as a clinical trial. Although drug repurposing is an attractive approach with reduced time and cost, there is a need to make predictions on success before the start of therapy. For the optimum use of these repurposed drugs, many factors should be considered such as drug–gene or dug–drug interactions, drug toxicity, and patient co-morbidity. There is limited data on the pharmacogenomics of these agents and this may constitute an obstacle for successful COVID-19 therapy. This article reviewed the available human genome interactions with some promising repurposed drugs for COVID-19 management. These drugs include chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), atazanavir (ATV), favipiravir (FVP), nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), oseltamivir, remdesivir, anakinra, tocilizumab (TCZ), eculizumab, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) regulators, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide. Drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the therapeutic outcomes in COVID-19 patients are presented. The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in clinical efficacy include CQ/HCQ ( CYP2C8, CYP2D6, ACE2 , and HO-1 ); azithromycin ( ABCB1 ); LPV/r ( SLCO1B1, ABCB1, ABCC2 and CYP3A ); NVP ( ABCC10 ); oseltamivir (CES1 and ABCB1); remdesivir ( CYP2C8, CYP2D6 , CYP3A4, and OATP1B1 ); anakinra ( IL-1a ); and TCZ ( IL6R and FCGR3A ). The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in adverse effects include CQ/HCQ ( G6PD ; hemolysis and ABCA4 ; retinopathy), ATV ( MDR1 and UGT1A1*28; hyperbilirubinemia; and APOA5; dyslipidemia), NVP ( HLA-DRB1*01, HLA-B*3505 and CYP2B6 ; skin rash and MDR1 ; hepatotoxicity), and EFV ( CYP2B6 ; depression and suicidal tendencies).

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“…Drug repurposing is a cost-effective approach to quickly investigate whether current drugs could be used to potentially improve the clinical outcome of a patient [ 2 – 5 ]. To our knowledge, there are no approved drugs till today which have been shown to be safe and effective in terms of reducing the number of deaths and preventing severe COVID-19 [ 6 – 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug genetic associations with COVID-19 manifestations: a data mining and network biology approach

et al. 2022

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Available drugs have been used as an urgent attempt through clinical trials to minimize severe cases of hospitalizations with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), however, there are limited data on common pharmacogenomics affecting concomitant medications response in patients with comorbidities. To identify the genomic determinants that influence COVID-19 susceptibility, we use a computational, statistical, and network biology approach to analyze relationships of ineffective concomitant medication with an adverse effect on patients. We statistically construct a pharmacogenetic/biomarker network with significant drug-gene interactions originating from gene-disease associations. Investigation of the predicted pharmacogenes encompassing the gene-disease-gene pharmacogenomics (PGx) network suggests that these genes could play a significant role in COVID-19 clinical manifestation due to their association with autoimmune, metabolic, neurological, cardiovascular, and degenerative disorders, some of which have been reported to be crucial comorbidities in a COVID-19 patient.

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Safety and Efficacy of Different Therapeutic Interventions on Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding COVID-19 Situation in Nepal and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Management

Understanding COVID-19 Situation in Nepal and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Management

Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs

Drug genetic associations with COVID-19 manifestations: a data mining and network biology approach

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