Safety and efficacy of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture from Curcuma longa L. rhizome when used as sensory additives in feed for all animal species

Abstract

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture from Curcuma longa L. rhizome when used as sensory additives in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additives under consideration are safe at the maximum proposed use levels: (i) turmeric extract at 15 mg/kg complete feed (or in water for drinking at comparable exposure) for all animal species; (ii) turmeric essential oil at 80 mg/kg feed for veal calves (milk replacer) and 20 mg/kg complete feed (or 20 mg/L) for all other species; (iii) turmeric oleoresin at 30 mg/kg complete feed (or 30 mg/L) for chickens for fattening and laying hens and 5 mg/kg complete feed (or 5 mg/L) for pigs, veal calves, cattle for fattening and dairy cows, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits and fish; (iv) turmeric tincture at 0.8 mL/L water for drinking for poultry, 6 mL per head and day for horses and 0.05 mL tincture/kg complete feed for dogs. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of the additives at the proposed use level in animal nutrition. Turmeric extract, turmeric oil, turmeric oleoresin and turmeric tincture should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and as skin sensitisers. The use of the additives in feed is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since turmeric and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.

Turmeric Oil: Composition, Extraction, Potential Health Benefits and Other Useful Applications

“…Pale yellow colour turmeric oil yielded values of 0.942 (25 º C), 1.5131, and +0.30 o for specific gravity, refractive index, and optical rotation, respectively. Moreover, reddish-brown colour oil was observed to demonstrate 0.981 (25 º C), 1.5288, and +2.17 o values for specific gravity, refractive index, and optical rotation, respectively (34). It is noteworthy that changing the chemical profile of the turmeric EO is the most prominent reason behind changing physicochemical properties due to slight changes in colour from pale yellow to reddish brown.…”

Quality Evaluation of Turmeric Dietary Supplements in the United States Market Using a Quantification and UHPLC-HRMS Metabolite Ratio Approach

“…CUR content has been reported to vary from one batch of turmeric powder to another. It is widely accepted that turmeric rhizome powders contain 3–5% curcuminoids, and most turmeric extract contains about 95% curcuminoids. ,, Therefore, claimed contents for equivalent curcuminoids per serving size in the turmeric DSs were calculated based on the ratio above, except where the manufacturer labels specified otherwise. To make the data comparable, the serving size of reference rhizome powder was assumed to be 7000 mg, which is a common serving size based on the label facts of other market products (i.e., RF-1 and RF-2).…”

“…Based on the above results, serious labeling inaccuracies were detected for the turmeric DSs. It is reported that turmeric DS products provide health benefits due to antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. , Therefore, labeling accuracy is important for consumers to use the products safely for their intended purposes. The labeling inconsistency of turmeric DSs is also confirmed by other laboratories using different products and approaches.…”

“…Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial flowering plant that belongs to the ginger family. , It is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia and has been used as a natural coloring agent or spice. As one of the popular botanical-based dietary supplements (DSs), turmeric-based DSs are becoming popular dietary supplemental products around the world for the potential health-beneficial activities of Curcuma. , …”

Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals at the European Food Safety Authority: Principles, Guidance Documents, Applications and Future Challenges

“…From these generic case studies, the EFSA Panel on Feed and Contaminants (FEEDAP Panel) applied the approach to a number of risk assessments of multiple substances in essential oils and other preparations (e.g., extracts, oleoresins and tinctures) for use in animal species, including oregano oil [ 79 , 81 ], cardamom oil from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton [ 82 ], ginger preparations [ 83 ], turmeric preparations [ 84 ], expressed lemon oil and its fractions from Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and of lime oil from Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle [ 85 ], petitgrain bigarade oil from the leaves of Citrus × aurantium L. [ 86 ], expressed mandarin oil from the fruit peels of C. reticulata Blanco [ 87 ], expressed sweet orange peel oil and its fractions from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [ 88 ], bitter orange extract from the whole fruit of Citrus × aurantium L. [ 89 ], lemon extract from Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck [ 90 ], litsea berry oil from the fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.)…”