Safety assessment of enzyme-containing personal cleansing products: Exposure characterization and development of IgE antibody to enzymes after a 6-month use test☆☆☆★★★

Kelling, Christopher K.; Bartolo, Robert G.; Ertel, Keith; Smith, Laurence A.; Watson, Debra D.; Sarlo, Katherine

doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70382-3

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For consumers, a DMEL of 15 ng/m 3 is proposed, but with the recognition that this is the highest tolerable value and is associated with the situation where there is only short term, perhaps frequent, exposure. Where there are circumstances which would lead for example to prolonged intimate exposure, then a lower level would need to be adopted (Human and Environmental Risk Assessment, 2007;Johnson et al, 1999;Kelling et al, 1998;Sarlo et al, 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This provides evidence of the absence of an adverse effect. In this context, it is very important to note that other published work investigating different uses of detergent enzyme has found evidence of potential problems and in each case this has led to a cessation of the project prior to marketing (Johnson et al, 1999;Kelling et al, 1998;Sarlo et al, 2004). Arguably, some of these tend to indicate that longer exposure may be just as important as high "spot" exposures, but as already mentioned, detailed understanding of these variables is lacking.…”

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The exposure discussed here for a trigger spray represents frequent, but nevertheless short duration exposure. Where exposure is prolonged and/or more intimate in nature, then experience shows that a careful risk assessment must be undertaken and that such a high level of exposure could not be tolerated (UK Health and Safety Executive, 2009;Johnson et al, 1999;Kelling et al, 1998;Sarlo et al, 2004;Blaikie et al, 1999).…”

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, taken together, and in particular with the evidence from a single but comprehensive study that daily consumer exposure at 15 ng/m 3 was not associated with any induction or elicitation effects, then it is suggested that a consumer DMEL of 15 ng/m 3 can be adopted as the starting point for new and existing enzymes which do not have a limit and/or for which there is no other data to indicate that a different value may be more appropriate. However, it is important that, just as for the occupational limit, this value is not taken as assurance of absolute safety in all conceivable exposure situations (Johnson et al, 1999;Kelling et al, 1998;Sarlo et al, 2004).…”

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH

Basketter

Broekhuizen²,

Fieldsend

et al. 2010

Toxicology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH

Basketter

Broekhuizen²,

Fieldsend

et al. 2010

Toxicology

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“…However, it is not yet established whether chemicals that are negative in skin sensitisation tests are thereby unlikely to cause respiratory sensitisation. Other means of premarketing product testing include clinical trials in human volunteers, such as that used to test an enzyme in a personal cleansing product [21].…”

Section: Preproduct Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevention of occupational asthma

Cullinan

Tarlo²,

Nemery³

2003

Eur Respir J

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There is sufficient understanding of the causation of occupational asthma for preventive action to be appropriate. To date, attempts appear to have been largely unsuccessful and this appears to be largely due to nonscientific/technical obstacles. These include the fragmented nature of the disease, its low public and industrial profile, and its comparative rarity in single workplaces. Nonetheless the disease has high individual and societal costs.Prevention strategies should be concentrated on workplace-exposure controls, accompanied by intense educational and managerial improvements. Methods of secondary prevention appear to be successful but require considerable refinement. Screening (out) of potential new employees is inefficient and likely to remain so; and in any case is beset by difficult ethical and legal issues.There are only a handful of published studies reporting evaluations of preventive programmes. None is entirely rigorous but each suggests that primary and secondary prevention are both feasible and highly effective. The evaluation of preventive strategies is difficult, not only because of the low incidence of the disease in individual workplaces but also because of the failure of many epidemiologists to engage in this work. Considerably more cooperation between scientists in the field, regulatory authorities and industry is required.

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Natural Cosmetics

Duber-Smith

Chang

Olson³

et al. 2012

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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The origin of the natural/organic products industry, with its roots in healthy foods and beverages, can be traced back to the beginning of the last century. The difference between natural and organic is that there are no definitions or regulations of natural products; organic products are largely defined and regulated within the United States. There are nongovernmental agencies working on standards and are able to supply eco‐seals to products (ECOCERT and BDIH, for example). Advertising self‐regulation has grown due to the public distrust of advertising claims in general. This article contains information on natural cosmetic formulations using natural fragrances, natural lipids, quercetin, curcumin, ayurvedic ingredients, and traditional Chinese herbs. Natural and organic cosmetic sales are part of the fastest growing sector in the cosmetic industry. Safety of the use of natural products is discussed. Natural does not always mean safe so extensive research is being performed in re toxicology, allergy problems, and whether the use of natural preservatives or preservative free can be considered safe. Biodegradability is a central aspect of the sustainability profile and environmental preferability of formulated products.

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Safety assessment of enzyme-containing personal cleansing products: Exposure characterization and development of IgE antibody to enzymes after a 6-month use test☆☆☆★★★

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH

Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH

The prevention of occupational asthma

Natural Cosmetics

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