Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles

Utgikar, Vivek; Thiesen, Todd

doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.04.005

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For temperatures higher than the inversion temperature of a given gas, this coefficient is negative, and thus the temperature increases as the gas expands in a throttling process. In contrast to most common gases, hydrogen has a very low inversion temperature, namely 202 K at 1 bar and 125 K at 345 bar [97]. This means that hydrogen gas exiting from a pressurised tank initially heats, rather than cools.…”

Section: Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Thermodynamic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Rosati¹,

Aleiferis²

2009

SAE Int. J. Engines

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The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE ABSTRACTHydrogen has been largely proposed as a possible alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Its wide flammability range allows higher engine efficiency with leaner operation than conventional fuels, for both reduced toxic emissions and no CO 2 gases. Independently, Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) also allows higher thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption with reduced NO X emissions when compared to Spark-Ignition (SI) engine operation. For HCCI combustion, a mixture of air and fuel is supplied to the cylinder and autoignition occurs from compression; engine is operated throttle-less and load is controlled by the quality of the mixture, avoiding the large fluid-dynamic losses in the intake manifold of SI engines. HCCI can be induced and controlled by varying the mixture temperature, either by Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or intake air pre-heating. A combination of HCCI combustion with hydrogen fuelling has great potential for virtually zero CO 2 and NO X emissions. Nevertheless, combustion on such a fast burning fuel with wide flammability limits and high octane number implies many disadvantages, such as control of backfiring and speed of autoignition and there is almost no literature on the subject, particularly in optical engines. Experiments were conducted in a singlecylinder research engine equipped with both Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) systems running at 1000 RPM. Optical access to in-cylinder phenomena was enabled through an extended piston and optical crown. Combustion images were acquired by a highspeed camera at 1° or 2° crank angle resolution for a series of engine cycles. Spark-ignition tests were initially carried out to benchmark the operation of the engine with hydrogen against gasoline. DI of hydrogen after intake valve closure was found to be preferable in order to overcome problems related to backfiring and air displacement from hydrogen's low density. HCCI combustion of hydrogen was initially enabled by means of a pilot port injection of n-heptane preceding the main direct injection of hydrogen, along with intake air preheating. Sole hydrogen fuelling HCCI was finally achieved and made sustainable, even at the low compression ratio of the optical engine by means of closed-valve DI, in synergy with air-pre-heating and negative valve overlap to promote intern...

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Section: Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Thermodynamic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Rosati¹,

Aleiferis²

2009

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…Recollecting the data stated above, India has adopted three major storage technologies of hydrogen, namely, compressed hydrogen, liquefaction of hydrogen, and metal hydrides. In case of transportation of compressed hydrogen, pressure must be maintained at 5000–10 000 psi which violates the safety concern .…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on the Current Status of Hydrogen Energy Research and Development in India

et al. 2020

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The energy demand for the automobile and industrial sectors is increasing drastically worldwide. Conventional sources will no longer fulfil the growing energy demand and environmental pollution is a big concern. Thus, an alternative fuel for vehicles is highly required. The focus is shifted on renewable energy sources like hydrogen, which is abundant in nature. This review examines the continuous progress of hydrogen regarding production and storage techniques in India. Current studies and ongoing projects are summarized projecting the status of production, storage, and application of hydrogen. Challenges like infrastructure development, distribution, policies, cost, and public acceptance as obstacles for the commercialization of hydrogen‐powered vehicles in the Indian market are analyzed.

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“…This makes the use of hydrogen particularly dangerous in enclosed areas such as tunnels or underground parking. 33 Hydrogen is odorless and leaks cannot be detected by smell. Moreover, pure hydrogen-oxygen flames burn in the ultraviolet color range and are nearly invisible to the naked eye, so one of the main measures required to implement higher safety standards is early leak detection with hydrogen sensors as well as a flame detector to detect whether a hydrogen leak is burning.…”

Section: Hydrogen Safety and Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 1. Hydrogen and Solar Hydrogen

2012

Solar Hydrogen

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Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Overview on the Current Status of Hydrogen Energy Research and Development in India

Chapter 1. Hydrogen and Solar Hydrogen

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