Salinity and the reclamation of salinized lands

Harper, R.J.; Dell, B.; Ruprecht, John; Sochacki, S.J.; Smettem, K.R.J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813193-0.00007-2

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Increased irrigation losses (particularly in the crop root zone), variations in the seasonal pattern of salt leaching (accumulated during irrigation) over the cultivation season, and an increase in aquifer salinity are some of the factors contributing to worsening saline-sodic conditions in Europe (notably in Italy) [36,56,57]. About 68% of the agricultural land in Australia is reported to have transient-salinity and sodicity problems (i.e., the occurrence is seasonal), while about 16% of the land is affected by irrigation and groundwater-induced salinity [4,58]. Sodicity hazard in Australia has scaled up above 60% of the cultivable land (20 million ha) even though farming is practiced without irrigation under dry conditions [9,59].…”

Section: Global Distribution Of Irrigation-induced Salinity and Sodicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies

Naganna²,

2021

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Salinity and sodicity have been a major environmental hazard of the past century since more than 25% of the total land and 33% of the irrigated land globally are affected by salinity and sodicity. Adverse effects of soil salinity and sodicity include inhibited crop growth, waterlogging issues, groundwater contamination, loss in soil fertility and other associated secondary impacts on dependent ecosystems. Salinity and sodicity also have an enormous impact on food security since a substantial portion of the world’s irrigated land is affected by them. While the intrinsic nature of the soil could cause soil salinity and sodicity, in developing countries, they are also primarily caused by unsustainable irrigation practices, such as using high volumes of fertilizers, irrigating with saline/sodic water and lack of adequate drainage facilities to drain surplus irrigated water. This has also caused irreversible groundwater contamination in many regions. Although several remediation techniques have been developed, comprehensive land reclamation still remains challenging and is often time and resource inefficient. Mitigating the risk of salinity and sodicity while continuing to irrigate the land, for example, by growing salt-resistant crops such as halophytes together with regular crops or creating artificial drainage appears to be the most practical solution as farmers cannot halt irrigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the global prevalence of salinity and sodicity in irrigated areas, highlight their spatiotemporal variability and causes, document the effects of irrigation induced salinity and sodicity on physicochemical properties of soil and groundwater, and discuss practical, innovative, and feasible practices and solutions to mitigate the salinity and sodicity hazards on soil and groundwater.

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Section: Global Distribution Of Irrigation-induced Salinity and Sodicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies

Naganna²,

2021

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“…In the drier region of Western Australia, approximately 20 million ha of native Eucalyptus forests were cleared for cereal crops in the 1950s to the 1970s. Conversion to agriculture resulted in salinization of the landscape, wind erosion, biodiversity loss and hydrologic imbalance [ 227 , 228 ]. Replacing deep-rooted forests with shallow-rooted annual crops and pasture plants increased recharge, resulting in groundwater rise accompanied by salt discharge [ 229 ].…”

Section: Oceaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Replacing deep-rooted forests with shallow-rooted annual crops and pasture plants increased recharge, resulting in groundwater rise accompanied by salt discharge [ 229 ]. Restoration has been proposed that would restore landscape water balances and stabilize areas already salinized, reduce wind erosion, and restore biodiversity [ 228 , 230 ]. Financing could come from carbon payments or payments for environmental services [ 228 ].…”

Section: Oceaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forest landscape restoration: state of play

Stanturf

Mansourian

2020

R. Soc. open sci.

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Tree planting has been widely touted as an inexpensive way to meet multiple international environmental goals for mitigating climate change, reversing landscape degradation and restoring biodiversity restoration. The Bonn Challenge and New York Declaration on Forests, motivated by widespread deforestation and forest degradation, call for restoring 350 million ha by 2030 by relying on forest landscape restoration (FLR) processes. Because the 173 million ha commitments made by 63 nations, regions and companies are not legally binding, expectations of what FLR means lacks consensus. The frequent disconnect between top-level aspirations and on-the-ground implementation results in limited data on FLR activities. Additionally, some countries have made landscape-scale restoration outside of the Bonn Challenge. We compared and contrasted the theory and practice of FLR and compiled information from databases of projects and initiatives and case studies. We present the main FLR initiatives happening across regional groups; in many regions, the potential need/opportunity for forest restoration exceeds the FLR activities underway. Multiple objectives can be met by manipulating vegetation (increasing structural complexity, changing species composition and restoring natural disturbances). Livelihood interventions are context-specific but include collecting or raising non-timber forest products, employment and community forests; other interventions address tenure and governance.

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“…Soil salinity in agricultural field is created due to higher evapotranspiration rates compared to precipitation, characteristics of soil and topography that impede water drainage and cause salt accumulation in the soil profile [ 1 ]. Salinity restricts production of arable lands, causing degradation globally of 0.3–1.5 million hectare year −1 [ 2 ] and >50% of arable lands of the world may be affected by the salt accumulation until 2050 [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan

Günal

2021

PLoS ONE

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Soil salinization is the widespread problem seriously affecting the agricultural sustainability and causing income losses in arid regions. The major objective of the study was to quantify and map the spatial variability of soil salinity and sodicity. Determining salinity and sodicity variability in different soil layers was the second objective. Finally, proposing an approach for delineating different salinity and sodicity zones was the third objective. The study was carried out in 871.1 ha farmland in Southeast of Dushak town of Ahal Province, Turkmenistan. Soil properties, including electrical conductivity (EC), soil reaction (pH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), calcium carbonate and particle size distribution (clay, silt and sand fractions) in 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 and 90–120 cm soil layers were recorded. The EC values in different soil layers indicated serious soil salinization problem in the study area. The mean EC values in 0–90 cm depth were high (8 dS m-1), classifying the soils as moderate to strongly saline. Spatial dependence calculated by the nugget to sill ratio indicated a strong spatial autocorrelation. The elevation was the primary factor affecting spatial variation of soil salinity in the study area. The reclamation of the field can be planned based on three distinct areas, i.e., high (≥12 dS m-1), moderate (12–8 dS m-1) and low (<8 dS m-1) EC values. The spatial trend analyses of SAR values revealed similar patterns for EC and pH; both of which gradually decreased from north to the south-west. The amount of water needed to leach down the salts from 60 cm of soil profile is between 56.4–150.0 ton ha-1 and the average leaching water was 89.8 tons ha-1. The application of leaching water based on the amount of average leaching water will result in higher or lower leaching water application to most locations and the efficiency of the reclamation efforts will be low. Similar results were recorded for sulfur, sulfuric acid and gypsum requirements to remediate sodicity. The results concluded that the best management strategy in planning land development and reclamation schemes for saline and sodic soils require accurate information about the spatial distribution of salinity and sodicity across the target area.

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Salinity and the reclamation of salinized lands

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies

Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies

Forest landscape restoration: state of play

Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan

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