Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

Veenklaas, Roos M.; Koppenaal, Elske C.; Bakker, Jan P.; Esselink, Peter

doi:10.1007/s11852-015-0390-z

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Indeed, ungrazed sites in our study area have been shown to develop significantly higher elevation and lower salinity than grazed sites (Veeneklaas et al. ), which is linked to both sediment accretion and compaction processes (Esselink et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

What factors determined restoration success of a salt marsh ten years after de‐embankment?

Chang

Veeneklaas

Bakker

et al. 2015

Applied Vegetation Science

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Abbreviations MHT = mean high tide; NFB = Noard-Fryslân Bûtendyks.Nomenclature van der Meijden (2005) Abstract Questions: How successful was the restoration of a salt marsh at a former summer polder on the mainland coast of the Dutch Wadden Sea 10 yr after de-embankment? What were the most important factors determining the level of restoration success?Location: Noard-Fryslân Bûtendyks, northwest Netherlands. Methods:The frequencies of target plant species were recorded before de-embankment and monitored thereafter (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 10 yr later) using permanent transects. Vegetation change was monitored using repeated mapping 14 yr before and 1, 7 and 10 yr after de-embankment. A large-scale factorial experiment with 72 sampling plots was set up to determine the effects of distance to a breach point, distance to a creek and grazing treatment on species composition. Abiotic data were also collected from the permanent transects and sampling plots on elevation, soil salinity and redox potential.Results: Ten years after de-embankment, permanent transect data showed that 78% to 96% of the target species were found at the restoration site. Vegetation mapping, however, showed that the diversity of salt marsh communities was low, with 50% of the site covered by the secondary pioneer marsh community. A multivariate analogue of ANOVA indicated that the most important experimental factor determining species composition was the interaction between distance to the nearest creek and livestock grazing. The combination of proximity to a creek and exclusion from livestock grazing always resulted in development of the high marsh community. In contrast, the combination of being located far from a creek, grazed and situated at low elevation with accompanying high salinity resulted in development of the secondary pioneer marsh community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

What factors determined restoration success of a salt marsh ten years after de‐embankment?

Chang

Veeneklaas

Bakker

et al. 2015

Applied Vegetation Science

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“…Since there were three breaches and three creeks, we had three stations for each station class. In order to assess the effect of livestock grazing on SEC in the restored site, at each station, an exclosure (9 m × 27 m) was established before the start of the first grazing season after deembankment (Veeneklaas et al 2015). An exclosure is a small area permanently protected against grazing.…”

Section: Sec Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Spatial Accretion Patterns and the Impact of Livestock Grazing in a Restored Coastal Salt Marsh

Koppenaal

Esselink

Duin

et al. 2021

Estuaries and Coasts

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A summer polder had developed a deficit in surface elevation of about 20 cm in respect to rising sea level during its almost one-hundred-year period of embankment. We addressed the questions whether the distance of the restored site to the intertidal flats and continuation of livestock grazing in the restored site could hamper surface-elevation change during the first 10 years after de-embankment of the summer polder. The surface-elevation change showed similar positive linear relationships with annual tidal flooding in both the reference salt marsh and the restored site, indicating that the surface-elevation change in the restored site was not moderated by the distance from the sea. The surface-elevation change had a clear seasonal pattern with positive values in winter and negative values during summer. The surface-elevation change was 11 mm/year in the grazed reference salt marsh and 7 mm/year in the grazed restored site, but amounted to 17 mm/year in ungrazed exclosures in the restored site, showing that grazing retarded the catching up of the elevation deficit in the restored site. The surface-elevation change within the restored site was higher close to the constructed creeks indicating the inception of levee formation. The surface-elevation change was also positively affected by the proximity of breaches in the embankment, but this effect was less clear than the effect of creeks. We conclude that the surface-elevation deficit may be compensated in the Wadden Sea summer polders by their de-embankment when sediment supply is high, whereas livestock grazing retards this process. Dug creeks increase spatial variation in the restored site.

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“…Colonisation therefore also depends on suitable environmental conditions for the species to germinate and establish (Morzaria‐Luna & Zedler, 2007; Wolters et al ., 2008). For salt marsh species environmental conditions such as salinity, flooding frequency and duration determine establishment success (Veenklaas et al ., 2015; Edge et al ., 2019). The combination of environmental conditions and competitive abilities of species leads to a distinct zonation of vegetation along elevational gradients in European salt marshes (Petersen et al ., 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal patterns of initial plant establishment in salt marsh communities

Lõhmus

Balke

Kleyer

2020

J Vegetation Science

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Questions How are dispersal processes, abiotic and biotic interactions determining the initial salt marsh plant community establishment and development when connectivity is different? We aim to answer this question by analysing the spatial and temporal patterns of plant establishment along an environmental gradient at two connectivity settings. Location Back‐barrier salt marsh and tidal flats of Spiekeroog, northwest Germany. Methods We established an experiment along a saltmarsh elevation gradient with bare sediment open for spontaneous colonisation on the natural salt marsh and on the experimental salt marsh islands built on the tidal flats approximately 500 m from the natural salt marsh for low connectivity. Plant establishment was identified from georeferenced photos at least monthly. Results Experimental islands as low‐connectivity plots had limited colonisation by annual halophytes that produced large number of small seeds. Number of individuals increased with higher connectivity at patches enclosed by salt marsh. Number of individuals was highest at the mid elevations whereas peak species richness was at the upper salt marsh. Temporal patterns of seedling emergence showed increasing plant numbers until the end of April followed by a gradual decline over the season at the pioneer and lower salt marsh zones. Upper elevations on the other hand had a stable number of low individual counts over time. Spatial clustering of plant individuals indicating possible facilitation was important at the initial stages of salt marsh development at pioneer and lower salt marsh elevation, but only early in the season. Conclusions Stochastic patterns of early salt marsh colonisation indicated that success of species colonisation was determined by seed properties, seed availability and environmental conditions mediated by elevation. We found indications that at the initial stages, further colonisation was supported by already colonised plants but shifted to avoidance later in the season.

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Salinization during salt-marsh restoration after managed realignment

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

What factors determined restoration success of a salt marsh ten years after de‐embankment?

What factors determined restoration success of a salt marsh ten years after de‐embankment?

Temporal and Spatial Accretion Patterns and the Impact of Livestock Grazing in a Restored Coastal Salt Marsh

Spatial and temporal patterns of initial plant establishment in salt marsh communities

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