Saliva as a diagnostic tool for dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer: is there a need for more biomarkers?

Buzalaf, Marília Afonso Rabelo; Ortiz, Adriana de Cássia; Carvalho, Thamyris de Souza; Fideles, Simone Ortiz Moura; Araújo, Tamara Teodoro; Moraes, Samanta Mascarenhas; Buzalaf, Nathalia Rabelo; Reis, Fernanda Navas

doi:10.1080/14737159.2020.1743686

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Interestingly, this potential biomarker is elevated in many inflammatory and disease conditions that exhibit bone resorption, such as periodontitis, multiple myeloma, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis (Bhavsar et al, 2015). Thus, a rapid, point-of-care test-kit using salivary MIP1-α, S100A8, and/or S100A9 could be a practical tool for diagnosis and reducing the risk of periodontitis and promotion of periodontal health (Buzalaf et al, 2020).…”

Section: Proteomics and Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease

et al. 2021

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The significance of microbiology and immunology with regard to caries and periodontal disease gained substantial clinical or research consideration in the mid 1960's. This enhanced emphasis related to several simple but elegant experiments illustrating the relevance of bacteria to oral infections. Since that point, the understanding of oral diseases has become increasingly sophisticated and many of the original hypotheses related to disease causality have either been abandoned or amplified. The COVID pandemic has reminded us of the importance of history relative to infectious diseases and in the words of Churchill “those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it.” This review is designed to present an overview of broad general directions of research over the last 60 years in oral microbiology and immunology, reviewing significant contributions, indicating emerging foci of interest, and proposing future directions based on technical advances and new understandings. Our goal is to review this rich history (standard microbiology and immunology) and point to potential directions in the future (omics) that can lead to a better understanding of disease. Over the years, research scientists have moved from a position of downplaying the role of bacteria in oral disease to one implicating bacteria as true pathogens that cause disease. More recently it has been proposed that bacteria form the ecological first line of defense against “foreign” invaders and also serve to train the immune system as an acquired host defensive stimulus. While early immunological research was focused on immunological exposure as a modulator of disease, the “hygiene hypothesis,” and now the “old friends hypothesis” suggest that the immune response could be trained by bacteria for long-term health. Advanced “omics” technologies are currently being used to address changes that occur in the host and the microbiome in oral disease. The “omics” methodologies have shaped the detection of quantifiable biomarkers to define human physiology and pathologies. In summary, this review will emphasize the role that commensals and pathobionts play in their interaction with the immune status of the host, with a prediction that current “omic” technologies will allow researchers to better understand disease in the future.

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Section: Proteomics and Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease

et al. 2021

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“…It has already been emphasized that the examination of the pH of both salivary and dental plaque is an indispensable parameter in the diagnosis of the risk of caries [19,20]. Despite extensive efforts directed toward the identification of one or a combination of biomarkers with good predictive potential for the prevention, early diagnosis, and prognosis of dental caries as well as for monitoring the progression of the disease, all physical and biochemical biomarkers still need validation before chairside, point-of-care devices that can be widely used in everyday clinical practice [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Platform for Examination of Effect of Chewing Xylitol Gum on Salivary pH, O2, and CO2

et al. 2021

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Miniaturization of different measurement processes and a scaled-down approach open the possibility for rapid measurements with the small amounts of samples and reagents into a compact platform with integrated sensors and different measuring components. In this paper, we report a microfluidic approach for measurements of salivary pH, dissolved O2, and CO2 during chewing xylitol gum. The study was done with the samples of 30 healthy volunteers who were chewing a xylitol gum, and the measurements were performed in the microfluidic (MF) chip with integrated commercial PreSens sensors. Xylitol exhibited a significant effect on the pH of saliva in terms of its initial drop, which was the most significant between the 5th and 10th minutes. The effect of xylitol on the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in saliva cannot be confirmed. The employed microfluidic platform was shown to be applicable and effective in the analysis of salivary biomarkers relevant to caries development.

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“…As with blood and tissue biopsies, oral uids are a source of biochemical data carrying prognostic and diagnostic information. It is an easily accessible and a non-invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic sources [13]. Saliva is the main biological factor protecting teeth against demineralization [13] by diluting and buffering acids and provides the calcium and phosphate ions for remineralisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is an easily accessible and a non-invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic sources [13]. Saliva is the main biological factor protecting teeth against demineralization [13] by diluting and buffering acids and provides the calcium and phosphate ions for remineralisation. Caries risk assessment has, therefore, mainly focused on saliva as a diagnostic uid, in addition to measures of past dental disease [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Dental Caries Increment Using Salivary Biomarkers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Child Population

Fernando

Tadakamadla

Kroon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background The burden of childhood dental caries amongst Indigenous Australians is higher than that of other Australians. Because of differences in lifestyle and the evolutionary history of the oral microbiota associated risk indicators may differ. Our objective was to evaluate associations between caries increment, salivary biomarkers, and baseline caries status among a rural Indigenous community in Far North Queensland, Australia.MethodsThis study was part of a trial assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent dental caries among children. A baseline epidemiological survey and application of topical caries preventive measures was conducted in 2015, followed-up in 2016 and 2017. Saliva flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and bacterial loads were measured. Caries was scored by the International Caries Detection and Assessment system. The outcome was caries increment. Explanatory variables were sex, being in experimental or comparison group, baseline caries status, saliva flowrate and buffering capacity, pH, and salivary loads of mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB), and yeast. Descriptive statistics assessed frequencies, means and percentages. Chi Square tests compared caries incidence in relation to explanatory variables and Generalised Linear Models with negative binomial regression and log-link explored associations between explanatory and outcome variables. ResultsOf children caries free at baseline, significantly fewer had incipient (p=0.01) and advanced (p=0.04) caries after two years. From Univariate analysis, children in the experimental group experienced fewer tooth surfaces with advanced caries (p=0.02) than children in the comparison group. Having caries at baseline (p=0.02) and low salivary flow rates (p <0.001) saw a significant increase in advanced caries after two years. Children with high salivary loads of MS (p=0.03) and LB (p=0.004) experienced more advanced carious surfaces. Multivariable analysis revealed 58% reduction (p=0.001) in advanced caries among children with high salivary flow rates. Caries increment was 61% (p=0.03) more for incipient and 121% (p=0.007) more for advanced caries among children who harboured higher loads of MS. ConclusionAs with other ethnicities, children with low salivary flow rates and those with high loads of MS had higher incipient and advanced caries increments after two years. These risk assessments can facilitate targeted preventive interventions for such communities. Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), No: ACTRN12615000693527; date of registration: 3rd July 2015.

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Saliva as a diagnostic tool for dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer: is there a need for more biomarkers?

Cited by 60 publications

References 130 publications

Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease

Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease

Microfluidic Platform for Examination of Effect of Chewing Xylitol Gum on Salivary pH, O2, and CO2

Predicting Dental Caries Increment Using Salivary Biomarkers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Child Population

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