Salivary albumin, total protein, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations and occurrence of some periodontopathogens in HIV‐infected patients: a 2‐year follow‐up study

Mellanen, Liisa; Sorsa, Timo; Lähdevirta, Juhani; Helenius, Mikko; Kari, Kirsti; Meurman, Jukka H.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300908.x

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Previous studies have consistently shown that P. gingivalis was significantly more prevalent in both supra-and subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis subjects compared to those from healthy individuals (10,31). Results from independent studies indicate that periodontopathogens, including P. gingivalis, were detected more frequently and were found at higher levels in HIV-infected patients than in noninfected control subjects with similar periodontal statuses (5,20,26,33). On the contrary, recent results from Patel et al (23) showed a significant prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola among HIV-negative patients compared to that among HIV-positive patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry by a Binding Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain

Xie

Belogortseva

et al. 2006

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through saliva is extremely low. Several oral components, including secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, are known as potential inhibitory agents of HIV oral transmission. Here we examined anti-HIV activity of oral bacterial components. We showed that recombinant protein HGP44 derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the primary infectious agents of periodontitis, was capable of inhibiting HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication. HGP44 bound specifically to HIV-1 gp120 and blocked HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion. These findings suggest that HGP44 of P. gingivalis can inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry.The predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is by sexual contact through broken mucosal or epidermal epithelia. It is rather clear that oral transmission of HIV is a rare event relative to vaginal and rectal transmission (3,32). It has been reported that fewer infectious HIV particles are in saliva than in other body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal and cervical secretions (25). However, hyperexcretion of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in saliva has been reported previously (27). It appears that 87% of HIVinfected patients had plasma titers exceeding those in saliva, and 7% of the 67 tested individuals had a fourfold or higher viral load in saliva relative to that than in plasma (27).Several endogenous oral components are proposed to contribute to inactivating HIV, either alone or in combination (28). Among them, the secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor has been extensively studied. The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor was first described by Thompson and Ohlsson (30) as a potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase. Since then, studies from many independent laboratories have confirmed its anti-HIV-1 activity in in vitro assays (17,19,28). Recently, a novel mechanism of anti-HIV activity has been proposed; this mechanism involves the unique hypotonicity of saliva (2, 3). The tonicity of saliva is approximately 14% of that of blood and other mucosal secretions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were rapidly disrupted in saliva in an in vitro study. The hypothesis is that cell-associated HIV is released due to saliva disruption, and cell-free HIV is mostly neutralized by a specific antibody or inhibited by other macromolecular inhibitors in saliva.Despite the great effort that has been made to search for oral inhibitors of HIV, little information is available on the interaction of HIV and bacteria in the oral cavity, an environment harboring over 30 genera representing more than 500 species of bacteria (21). We speculated that oral bacteria may contain anti-HIV activity and create a microenvironment unfavorable for HIV infection. In this study, members of a group of oral bacteria were examined for their abilities to inhibit HIV-1. We demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis, an organism frequently detected in the mouths of adult periodontitis patients, produced an antiviral molecule(s)...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry by a Binding Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain

Xie

Belogortseva

et al. 2006

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…All analyses were made in duplicates with serum standards and appropriate controls. For details, see Mellanen et al [25].…”

Section: Saliva Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Saliva in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women. A 2-year follow-up study

et al. 2011

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This study aims to investigate salivary flow and biochemical constituents of menopausal-age women with the hypothesis that women using hormone therapy (HT) might present better saliva values than non-users. Two hundred HT users and 200 non-users were selected at random from a cohort study of 3,173 peri- and postmenopausal women and invited to a 2-year clinical follow-up study. Clinical examination with saliva sampling was made at baseline and 2 years later. Salivary total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were analyzed. Final material included 106 consistent HT users and 55 non-users. Backward logistic regression analysis was made to determine the risk factors for higher or lower than medium salivary protein values. No difference was seen in salivary flow rate, total protein, and IgA values between baseline and follow-up measurements or between the groups. Albumin, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly lower in the 2-year samples of the HT group when compared with baseline. IgA and IgM values were higher in the non-HT 2-year samples when compared with the corresponding HT samples. The only significant explanatory factor for higher than median salivary albumin concentration was the number of teeth both at baseline and 2 years later. HT possibly improved epithelial integrity since the concentrations of serum components albumin, IgG, and IgM decreased during the follow-up. HT as such does not seem to affect saliva, although it may modify it. The clinical relevance of these results needs to be assessed in future studies.

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“…Because albumin is ubiquitous in the body and is one of the most abundant proteins in secretions of the upper respiratory tract (Mellanen et al, 2001), saliva is a logical candidate for biomonitoring (Jeppsson et al, 2009; Kristiansson et al, 2004). Our results, summarized in Figure 4, indicate that comparable background concentrations of formyl adducts were detected in saliva and blood from the volunteer subject whose biospecimens were used for in vitro experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, immunoassays have detected putative antibodies against formaldehyde-HSA (human serum albumin) conjugates in the blood of exposed workers and smokers (Carraro et al, 1999; Ospina et al, 2011; Pala et al, 2008). Albumin is also abundant in respiratory fluids and saliva where reactions with inhaled formaldehyde would be expected (Aldini et al, 2008; Chung et al, 2013; Mellanen et al, 2001; Meurman et al, 2002; Mochca-Morales, 2000) with subsequent transfer to the blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using lysine adducts of human serum albumin to investigate the disposition of exogenous formaldehyde in human blood

Regazzoni

Grigoryan

et al. 2017

Toxicology Letters

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Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen that readily binds to nucleophiles, including proteins and DNA. To investigate whether exogenous formaldehyde produces adducts in extracellular fluids, we characterized modifications to human serum albumin (HSA) following incubation of whole blood, plasma, and saliva with formaldehyde at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 μM. The only HSA locus that showed the presence of formaldehyde modifications was Lys199. A N(6)-Lys adduct with added mass of 12 Da, representing a putative intramolecular crosslink, was detected in biological fluids that had been incubated with formaldehyde but not in control fluids. An adduct representing N(6)-Lys formylation was detected in all fluids, but levels did not increase above control values over the tested range of formaldehyde concentrations. An adduct representing N(6)-Lys199 acetylation was also measured in all samples. We then applied the assay to repeated samples of human plasma from 6 nonsmoking volunteer subjects (from Berkeley, CA), and single samples of serum from 15 workers exposed to airborne formaldehyde at about 1.5 ppm in a production facility and 15 control workers from Tianjin, China. Although all human plasma/serum samples contained basal levels of the products of N(6)-Lys formylation and acetylation, the putative crosslink product was not detected. Since the putative crosslink was observed in plasma incubated with formaldehyde at 1 μM, this suggests that the endogenous concentration of formaldehyde in serum was much lower than reported in the literature. Furthermore, concentrations of the formyl adduct were not higher in workers exposed to formaldehyde at about 1.5 ppm than in controls. Follow-up in vitro experiments with gaseous formaldehyde at 1.4 ppm detected the putative crosslink in plasma but not whole blood. This combination of results suggests that N(6) formylation occurs within cells with subsequent release of adducted HSA to the systemic circulation. Comparing across human samples, levels of N(6)-Lys199 formyl adducts were present at similar concentrations in subjects from California and China (about 1 mmol/mol HSA), but N(6)-Lys199 acetyl adducts were present at higher concentrations in Chinese subjects (0.34 vs. 0.13 mmol/mol HSA).

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Salivary albumin, total protein, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations and occurrence of some periodontopathogens in HIV‐infected patients: a 2‐year follow‐up study

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry by a Binding Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain

Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry by a Binding Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain

Saliva in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women. A 2-year follow-up study

Using lysine adducts of human serum albumin to investigate the disposition of exogenous formaldehyde in human blood

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