Salivary and serum interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with leukoplakia and oral cancer

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of study was to compare salivary and serum concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in patients with oral leukoplakia, oral cancer and healthy controls. Study design: Eighty eight patients (28 with oral cancer, 29 leukoplakia, and 31 healthy controls) were included in this study. Cytokine concentrations were measured by commercial enzyme linked immunoassay. Results: Salivary IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly higher in oral cancer patients than in patients with leukoplakia and control group (p<0.05). No differences in concentrations of salivary TNF-α between either of the groups were observed. Serum concentrations of IL-1β were below level of detection in all but two participants. No significant differences between the groups were observed in serum concentrations of IL-6. Serum TNF-α was significantly higher in control subjects than in oral cancer patients. Conclusions: Patients with oral cancer have elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in their saliva. Whether this elevation can be used for monitoring the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia remains to be answered by further follow up studies. Key words: Cytokines, oral, leukoplakia, cancer.

Association of Serum and Salivary Tumor Necrosis Factor-α with Histological Grading in Oral Cancer and its Role in Differentiating Premalignant and Malignant Oral Disease

“…Similar observation was reported by Jablonska et al (1997) wherein they observed a relation between clinical staging and increase in serum TNF-α level in oral cavity cancer (Jablonska et al, 1997). TNF-α has also been shown to be a potential monitoring molecule for transformation of premalignant to malignant condition in oral cancer (Brailo et al, 2012;Juretic et al, 2013). Thus, the results of the present study also substantiate the observation of earlier reports wherein we observed a significant increase in TNF-α in premalignant disorder group but the increase was significantly lower than OSCC group.…”

State of the Science: Salivary Biomarker Utilization for Stress Research

“…Use of salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool at the point of care has been tested for detection of numerous conditions and diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, 7,14) oral cancer, [15][16][17][18] pancreatic cancer, 19) cardiovascular disease, [20][21][22] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and periodontal disease .7,9,11,23) 4) Scientific merits and convenience for conducting research Salivary biomarkers offer scientific merits and convenience for conducting research, particularly studies on the physiological mechanisms of the stress response.…”

“…15,46) Inflammatory biomarkers have contributed to advancing our understanding of the role of inflammation in stress physiology. 12,30) The HPA axis and autonomic nervous system responses to stress manifest in lowering immune function as shown by numerous studies for the last three decades.…”

“…Chronic psychosocial stress, such as job strain, low socioeconomic status, and caregiver stress are related to the impairments of immune function, 12,30) which are linked to the development of health conditions such as atherosclerosis, 21,28,30,47) and cancer. 15,16) Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and lysozyme were inversely correlated with self-reported level of stress, suggesting their utility aspotential stress biomarkers. 35) Studies to identify and validate new salivary biomarkers for stress research is ongoing.…”

Cancer Related Inflammation and Tumor Angiogenesis

“…Two pathways have been schematically identified as the connection between initiation of cancer and inflammation, as intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway. In the intrinsic pathway, internal genetic events which cause neoplasia, at the same time, would trigger the expression of inflammation-related programs and then guide the construction of an Factors Biological activity IL-1 Elevated level in patient with leukoplakia and oral cancer [71]; Inducing chemical carcigenesis of fibrosarcomas, in vivo [72]; host derived or exogenous IL-1 enhancing tumor invasiveness and metastasis, in vitro and in vivo [73] IL-6 Involved in tumor progression, such as in multiple myeloma, plasmacytomas, intestinal cancer, in vitro and in vivo, mainly through NF-κB and STAT3 [74]; Elevated IL-6 level be correlated with HCC, in vivo experiment and in clinical [75,76]; Elevated level in patient with leukoplakia and oral cancer [71] IL-23 Elevated in intestinal polyps and colorectal carcinoma [77] IFNEnhancing the antitumor activity of alveolar macrophages, in vitro [78] TNFElevated level in patient with leukoplakia and oral cancer [71] LXs Inhibiting the tumor growth of transplanted H22 in mice, in vitro and in vivo [79]; inhibiting hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasion of human hepatoma cells, in vitro [80] There is also close connection between inflammation and metastasis. A successful establishment of a metastatic lesion depends on both intrinsic properties of the tumor cells and factors derived from the tumor microenvironment that often contains secretory products of immune cells such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF and RANKL.…”